剩余污泥混合对絮凝污泥厌氧消化的强化

为了考察絮凝污泥与剩余活性污泥混合中温(35℃)厌氧消化效果,分析了不同混合比例、不同投配率下的总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,通过pH值与氨氮浓度的变化来分析各反应器的稳定性。结果表明:污泥混合后消化效果明显得到提高,且污泥消化效率随着投配率的增加先提高后下降。5%投配率时,絮凝污泥/剩余污泥(VS比)为1:2时厌氧消化效果最好,TCOD去除率达到47.8%,VS降解率达到46.8%,分解单位VS产气量达到了435 mL/g,pH值与氨氮浓度分别保持在7.4和269 mg/L左右,混合污泥厌氧消化系统较稳定。这说明与剩余污泥的混合消化能有效提高絮凝污泥的厌氧消化性能。污泥絮体的显微分析表明:厌氧消化过程中絮体面积百分比逐步减小,污泥结构逐步解体,可以解释污泥消化的微观过程。     

曝气条件对浸没式膜生物反应器内流场的影响

为深入研究流场动力学特性对浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面污染的控制,应用fluent软件对浸没式膜生物反应器内气液两相流动进行了三维数值模拟研究。采用标准k-ε湍流模型和欧拉多相流模型,考察了改变曝气条件对膜面气液速度场及气含率分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在相同曝气强度下,1 mm曝气孔径下膜面气液两相的速度增加较孔径2 mm、3 mm的快;曝气孔径为1 mm时,膜面的液相速度随着曝气强度的增加逐渐增大;曝气孔径为1 mm时,曝气量为5.5 m3/h所形成的漩涡区较大,膜面气含率值较高且分布较均匀,气液两相接触面积较大,膜面冲刷效果较好;模拟观察到反应器底部靠近壁面局部气含率较低,不利于活性污泥中微生物的生长,需要进一步优化曝气和反应器结构。     

低温硝基苯降解菌选育及在土壤修复中的应用

从硝基苯污染地下水中筛选出一株以硝基苯为唯一碳源和氮源的低温、高效降解菌,命名为XJ菌;初步鉴定XJ菌为革兰氏阴性微小短杆细菌、恶臭假单胞菌属,降解硝基苯遵循部分还原降解途径;在10℃下培养96 h,XJ菌对硝基苯的降解去除率达到91.1%,其中约有67.1%的硝基氮素转变成了氨氮。在10℃下利用XJ菌修复硝基苯污染土壤,修复时间为96 h时,硝基苯去除率达到85.7%,XJ菌密度及微生物脱氢酶活性保持较高的水平。本研究可为低温下硝基苯污染土壤的生物修复提供参考。     

Contamination of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from a waterbird-inhabited lake,East Central China

Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in the water and sediments from a waterbird-inhabited lake (Yangchaihu Lake) to evaluate their current pollution levels and potential risks. The concentrations of total OCPs in water and sediments were 10.12–59.75 ng/l and 4.25–27.35 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the most abundant OCPs, while HCB and cyclodiene pesticides were detected with low levels. Levels of ∑OCPs (sum of 17 OCPs) at sites highly influenced by waterbirds were significantly higher than the sites with no significant waterbird populations (one-way ANOVA, P?相似文献   

A comparison of statistical methods for deriving freshwater quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms

Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are increasingly used in both ecological risk assessment and derivation of water quality criteria. However, there has been debate about the choice of an appropriate approach for derivation of water quality criteria based on SSDs because the various methods can generate different values. The objective of this study was to compare the differences among various methods. Data sets of acute toxicities of 12 substances to aquatic organisms, representing a range of classes with different modes of action, were studied. Nine typical statistical approaches, including parametric and nonparametric methods, were used to construct SSDs for 12 chemicals. Water quality criteria, expressed as hazardous concentration for 5 % of species (HC₅), were derived by use of several approaches. All approaches produced comparable results, and the data generated by the different approaches were significantly correlated. Variability among estimates of HC₅ of all inclusive species decreased with increasing sample size, and variability was similar among the statistical methods applied. Of the statistical methods selected, the bootstrap method represented the best-fitting model for all chemicals, while log-triangle and Weibull were the best models among the parametric methods evaluated. The bootstrap method was the primary choice to derive water quality criteria when data points are sufficient (more than 20). If the available data are few, all other methods should be constructed, and that which best describes the distribution of the data was selected.     

煤基腐殖酸对外源砷胁迫下玉米生长及生理性状的影响简

为了筛选用于砷污染土壤治理的煤基腐殖酸,采用盆栽实验研究了施用不同种类和浓度的煤基腐殖酸及EDTA对外源砷胁迫下玉米株高、株鲜重、株干重、根干重、砷积累量、叶片抗氧化酶（POD,SOD和CAT）活性和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,11种供试煤基腐殖酸均促进了玉米生长,提高了叶片POD、SOD和CAT活性。其中6和10号腐殖酸可降低土壤砷活性和显著抑制玉米吸收和积累砷,而8和9号腐殖酸增加了土壤活性砷和显著促进了玉米对砷的吸收和累积,且不同程度地强于EDTA。除8和9号外,其余腐殖酸均可明显降低玉米叶片脯氨酸的含量。EDTA可显著促进玉米吸收和积累砷,且加剧了砷对玉米的危害。因此,8和9号供试煤基腐殖酸可以替代EDTA活化土壤砷,与植物配合以提高砷污染土壤的植物修复速度和效果,而6和10号供试煤基腐殖酸则可用于土壤砷钝化剂,以保证作物产品的安全。     

乌东矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征研究

为研究急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征,基于急倾斜特厚煤层工作面顶板赋存条件并结合弹性力学,建立了急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采顶板力学模型。通过力学模型分析,推导出急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采后顶板沿工作面倾向方向的岩板破断判据及挠度公式,应用三角级数方法对挠度公式进行求解,确定了顶板沿倾向方向上最大挠度发生的位置关系式。理论研究成果在乌东矿南采区B1+2急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采中的工程应用表明,工作面沿倾向方向上推进到385 m时顶板发生破断,倾向方向顶板最大挠度坐标位置为y=325.78 m,顶板沿工作面倾向方向的最大挠度位于采空区中部偏下位置。表现为急倾斜特厚煤层顶板在工作面上方的非对称性破断;相似材料试验进一步验证了顶板挠度公式的合理性。     

车人碰撞事故再现技术研究进展

车人碰撞事故再现已成为国内外研究热点,提高结果可信性为事故再现的核心。根据事故再现所需痕迹将再现方法分为6类,即"行人抛距"、"车辆制动距离"、"行人损伤"、"车辆变形"、"其他"以及"仿真"。通过分析各类方法的优缺点,提出可综合利用这些方法获得客观、可信的事故再现结果。然后探讨提高车人碰撞事故再现结果可信性的新发展方向:开发国产、高精度的事故再现软件,研究事故再现结果的不确定性问题,以及研究痕迹间关系在事故再现中的应用。而其中仿真所得事故再现结果的不确定性问题、车人碰撞事故再现区间不确定优化方法以及事故现场痕迹间关系为值得期待的新研究内容。     

水流作用下悬挂式防污帘有效深度数值模拟

水流与结构相互作用下的防污帘有效深度是影响其防污效果的关键因素.为探究防污帘有效深度随流速等参数的变化,基于ADINA软件动网格控制技术,结合双向流固耦合方法建立悬挂式防污帘大变形二维有限元数值模型,以分析流速、帘长及配重对防污帘有效深度的影响规律.运用防污帘变形倾角,描述悬挂式防污帘在不同负载下的变形特征,并回归拟合防污帘相对有效深度的预测经验公式.结果表明:悬挂式防污帘相对有效深度随流速增大而减小,随相对帘长与配重的增大而增大;倾角随流速与相对帘长的增大而增大,随配重的增大而减小.     

聚丙烯酰胺助凝处理VAE乳液废水效能研究

为了获得醋酸乙烯-乙烯共聚乳液(VAE乳液)废水的有效处理方法,通过混凝试验比较了不同类型聚丙烯酰胺对FeCl3混凝-气浮工艺的助凝效果,重点研究了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺CZ4060,确定了其最佳的投加时间、pH值及与FeCl3的复配投量.结果表明,CZ4060对FeCl3具有明显的助凝作用,其最佳的投加点是紧随FeCl3之后投加,最佳的pH值范围为7～9,最佳絮凝时间为8 min,与FeCl3的最佳复配投量为1.5 mg/L和100 mg/L.最佳实验条件下,原水COD为3 085 mg/L时,出水COD降为55.28 mg/L,达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)要求的一级排放标准.