我国大江大河的洪涝灾害及其治理对策

我国江河两岸人口密集,经济繁荣,洪涝频繁,特别是大江大河的治理,对国计民生有举足轻重的影响。本文着重叙述了我国长江、黄河、松花江、辽河、海河、淮河、珠江等七大江河千多年来的洪涝灾害及其治理对策,以供讨论。     

基于ADAMS仿真平台的自行火炮故障仿真预测方法

针对故障仿真预测技术的现状和发展,分析了ADAMS仿真平台和专家系统的优缺点.根据自行火炮系统结构的特殊性,提出基于ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis Mechanical System)仿真平台和专家系统的故障仿真系统的建模方法和设计思想.仿真过程根据用户输入的初始状态真实体现出系统在服役状态的量变,产生动态模糊关系矩阵,并由动态模糊综合评判得到系统可能出现的故障,由预测结果调用知识库中的诊断知识产生实际发生的故障部件.这样建立的仿真模型不仅能表达领域对象的动态属性、行为特性,又能表达专家的经验、判断决策等知识,还具备较强的数值计算及过程控制能力.     

以人为本 提高安全监察工作水平

本文从安全监察人员的政治觉悟、职业道德、知识结构、政策与法律水平等六个方面论述了如何提高安全监察人员的素质，并阐明了强化安全监察机构队伍和制度的建设。     

磨料水射流切割与其它方法切割对金相组织影响的试验研究

本文以２０＃优质碳素结构钢为试件，介绍了磨料水射流切割与其它方法切割对金相组织影响的试验。试验结果表明，磨料水射流切割无热影响区。     

消除DPD法测定水中臭氧浓度干扰因素的研究

研究了Ｈ_２Ｏ_２和其它氧化剂（以过氧化苯甲酰为例）对ＤＰＤ法测定水中臭氧浓度的干扰作用，结果表明，随着ＫＩ浓度或显色时间的增加，Ｈ_２Ｏ_２和其它氧化剂的干扰作用增加，当ＫＩ浓度为０．５ｇ／Ｌ时，可以基本消除这些干扰作用，且当臭氧浓度低于０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ时，不影响臭氧对ＤＰＤ的显色作用。     

The effect of salinity on waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation and kinetic analysis

The effect of salinity on sludge alkaline fermentation at low temperature(20°C) was investigated, and a kinetic analysis was performed. Different doses of sodium chloride(Na Cl, 0–25 g/L) were added into the fermentation system. The batch-mode results showed that the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased with salinity. The hydrolysate(soluble protein, polysaccharide) and the acidification products(short chain fatty acids(SCFAs), NH+4–N, and PO_4~(3-)–P) increased with salinity initially, but slightly declined respectively at higher level salinity(20 g/L or 20–25 g/L). However, the hydrolytic acidification performance increased in the presence of salt compared to that without salt.Furthermore, the results of Haldane inhibition kinetics analysis showed that the salt enhanced the hydrolysis rate of particulate organic matter from sludge particulate and the specific utilization of hydrolysate, and decreased the specific utilization of SCFAs. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated that the importance of polysaccharide on the accumulation of SCFAs was reduced with salt addition, but the importance of protein and NH+4–N on SCFA accumulation was increased.     

胞外聚合物对活性污泥吸附生活污水碳源的影响

为探索活性污泥中不同层胞外聚合物(SB-EPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS)对污泥吸附性能的影响,以培养污泥、污水厂污泥为研究对象,采用加热法分层提取EPS,研究不同层EPS对生活污水中COD的吸附特征,并采用Lagergern单层吸附动力学模型、Ritchie双层吸附模型和颗粒内扩散模型方程进行动力学数据分析.结果表明:两种污泥的原污泥、-SB污泥和培养-LB污泥与Lagergern单层吸附模型和Ritchie双层吸附模型的拟合效果均比较好,说明污泥吸附过程既存在单层的物理吸附过程,又存在多层的物理化学吸附过程.污泥从外层到内层,EPS含量逐步增加,蛋白质与多糖比值均为外层小于内层,但培养污泥LB-EPS中蛋白质与多糖比值大于TB-EPS.两种污泥单位SB-EPS的吸附量分别为0.650 mg·mg~(-1)、3.37 mg·mg~(-1),吸附速率比原污泥分别增加了0.0997 min-1、0.0390 min-1,因此,SB-EPS可吸附有机污染物,但吸附速率较小.两种污泥单位TB-EPS的吸附量分别为1.06 mg·mg~(-1)、0.443 mg·mg~(-1),吸附速率比原污泥分别增加了10.7 min-1、0.183 min-1,因此,TB-EPS结构紧密,导致吸附速率减慢,但其能很好地将吸附上的污染物保存在菌体细胞壁外而不被释放.而LB-EPS对污染物没有储存能力,只有快速传递污染物的能力.     

环境损害鉴定评估制度发展及黑龙江省建设现状分析研究

随着中国经济高速发展以及工业化进程的不断加快,环境污染事故呈频发态势,环境公益诉讼制度实施和公众环保意识不断觉醒,环境司法诉讼案件数量也呈爆发性增长.环境污染损害鉴定评估工作是环境损害赔偿量化的重要基础性工作,科学的评价环境损害问题已成为环境管理研究的重要课题.基于对环境损害评估制度的调研,介绍了国内外研究现状进展,分析了黑龙江省工作现状,探讨了当前存在的问题,提出了相应的对策建议,为进一步推进环境损害鉴定评估工作发展和完善提供参考.     

哈尔滨市周边秸秆焚烧对市区空气质量的影响分析研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS),结合哈尔滨市大气污染物排放源谱库对大气污染主要成分进行来源解析,结果表明,秸秆焚烧期间,哈尔滨市环境空气中细颗粒物质量浓度明显上升,生物质燃烧排放源仅低于燃煤和机动车尾气,位列第三大污染源,浓度占总颗粒物浓度的20％.同时,为了探讨秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨市空气质量造成影响的原因,结合气象观测资料,对污染期间气团后向轨迹分析,发现在高空无风不利于污染物扩散的情况下更易加剧哈尔滨环境空气质量污染的程度.     

A CyberGIS Integration and Computation Framework for High‐Resolution Continental‐Scale Flood Inundation Mapping

We present a Digital Elevation Model‐based hydrologic analysis methodology for continental flood inundation mapping (CFIM), implemented as a cyberGIS scientific workflow in which a 1/3rd arc‐second (10 m) height above nearest drainage (HAND) raster data for the conterminous United States (CONUS) was computed and employed for subsequent inundation mapping. A cyberGIS framework was developed to enable spatiotemporal integration and scalable computing of the entire inundation mapping process on a hybrid supercomputing architecture. The first 1/3rd arc‐second CONUS HAND raster dataset was computed in 1.5 days on the cyberGIS Resourcing Open Geospatial Education and Research supercomputer. The inundation mapping process developed in our exploratory study couples HAND with National Water Model forecast data to enable near real‐time inundation forecasts for CONUS. The computational performance of HAND and the inundation mapping process were profiled to gain insights into the computational characteristics in high‐performance parallel computing scenarios. The establishment of the CFIM computational framework has broad and significant research implications that may lead to further development and improvement of flood inundation mapping methodologies.