系统论在企业改造工程安全管理上的应用

运用系统论思想分析了企业大中修改造工程的特点,有针对性地提出了经实践检验行之有效、系统化的6项安全管理原则,具有较强的可操作性。     

变频规则波输入下直斜群桩动力响应对比试验研究

通过对2×2直斜群桩结构进行振动台模型相似比设计,围绕不同频率正弦波输入下的非液化砂土与饱和砂土中群桩-承台-上部结构体系开展横向动力响应特性试验研究。结果表明:①在输入相同频率正弦波情况下,无论是直桩群还是斜桩群,其位于饱和砂土中的动力响应放大倍数均大于相应非液化砂土工况下的放大系数,且直群桩的横向动力响应比斜群桩动力响应更显著;②随着输入波频率的增加,各试验工况的承台结构动力反应系数均有所增长,直桩群和斜桩群在饱和砂土工况中的加速度和位移的放大倍数增长较非液化砂土工况明显,直群桩比斜群桩增长显著。     

财务集约化管理体系下的“一键式”报表管理

针对宁夏电力公司原有财务报表系统存在的业务标准不统一、内部交易手工抵消、 “以表汇表”编报方式等问题,采用财务集约化管理体系下的集团对账功能、协同平台抵销功能及集团内部合并抵销账务处理,实现合并报表“一键式”出具、合并口径及供电局各级报表实时查询分析,确保了“账、证、表”一致及快报数据的实效性和准确性。应用结果表明:“一键式”报表管理模式减少了加工和报送环节,缩短了编制周期,优化了公司财务报告模式,集团报表编报效率和质量大幅提高,会计信息的时效性、透明度显著增强,实现了财务报表编报方式的创新。     

有机锡致海洋腹足类性畸变分子机制的研究进展

有机锡作为防污损生物附着添加剂曾被大量使用,在极低浓度下就能诱发腹足类发生性畸变现象,严重危害了海洋生态系统的平衡。虽然三丁基锡已被国际海事组织全球禁用,但目前报道的环境有机锡污染仍然非常严重,而且其致毒机制一直众说纷纭。首先,简述了腹足类性畸变及其在世界各个海域有机锡污染监测中的应用,重点综述了有机锡致海洋腹足类性畸变分子机制的3种假说:脊椎动物类型的类固醇激素假说、神经肽假说以及视黄酸X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)假说,另外,结合快速发展的分子生物学技术,探讨了研究腹足类性畸变分子机制的新思路和新方法。     

Spatial distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are usually considered to be important sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). To examine the influence of PCDD/Fs emissions from a MSWI on the surrounding environment, 21 soil samples were collected from various sampling sites distributed at distances of 300–1,700 m away from the stack of a MSWI. International Toxic Equivalent (I-TEQ) concentrations ranged from 0.47 to 2.07 pg I-TEQ g^?1, with average and median concentrations of 1.08 and 1.05 pg I-TEQ g^?1, respectively. Comparison of the results presented herein with other worldwide studies suggested that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in the ambient soil were relatively low, indicating a limited impact on the surrounding environment. The emission concentrations from the incinerator were the critical factor in generating an environmental impact on the surrounding environment. An exponential function was developed, indicating a slight decline in TEQs of PCDD/Fs with increasing distance from the MSWI stack. The ordinary kriging interpolation technique was selected to create a contour map, which intuitively showed that a limited surrounding area (≤1,000 m from the stack) was obviously influenced by the MSWI.     

Relationships between distributions of longevous population and trace elements in the agricultural ecosystem of Rugao County,Jiangsu, China

Soil, plant, and water, as well as trace elements they contain, can influence human health through the food chain. A survey was conducted on distributions of trace elements in soils, plants, and drinking water in Rugao County, Jiangsu Province, China, an agricultural area with a high level of centenarians and nonagenarians. The ratio of people over 90 years old per 100,000 inhabitants (90-rate) based on village (about 4,000 residents in 4 km²) was correlated with trace elements in soil, drinking water, and rice by means of correlation analysis and/or principal component analysis. Although the average 90-rate in the whole area was as high as 277, the rates were not uniform across the entire region. The 90-rate in the area of loamy and strongly-developed Anthrosols and Cambosols was about 330, significantly higher than the 255 in the areas of sandy and strongly-developed Cambosols and of clayey and weakly-developed Cambosols. The concentrations of available Se, B, Ni, and Mo in soils of the area with the high 90-rate were markedly greater than those in the area with the low 90-rate. This was demonstrated by highly positive correlations between the 90-rate and available Se (r = 0.33), B (r = 0.21), Ni (r = 0.17) and Mo (r = 0.17) at the p < 0.01 level and high loadings of available Se (0.851), B (0.535), Ni (0.594) and Mo (0.394) in the longevous factor. Similar relationships between the available elements in soils and elements in water and rice were found. These results suggest that: (1) the available forms of elements in soil were more crucial to elemental bio-availability in the ecosystem and human health than total elements in soil; and (2) the element association above might have affected the 90-rate positively and could be an important environmental geochemical factor influencing the longevity of humans.     

鱼塘沉积物氯酚污染及其生态风险评价

采用固相微萃取(SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用,分析了3种养殖模式鱼塘沉积物中氯酚类(CPs)化合物的污染特征.结果表明,一般四大家鱼养殖模式(A)沉积物中总CPs质量分数(干质量)为9.91 ng·g-1,猪.鱼综合养殖模式(B)与鸭-鱼综合养殖模式(C)沉积物总CPs质量分数分别为7.79 ng·g-1和4.84 ng·g-1.总CPs及15种CPs化合物在A、B模式和鸭-鱼综合养殖模式(C)沉积物中的分布特征相似,质量分数由高到低的顺序为A模式,B模式,C模式.沉积物中质量分数比较高的一氯酚、二氯酚、三氯酚和四氯酚分别是4-CP、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和2,3,4,6-TeCP.五氯酚(PCP)质量分数与4-CP、2,5+2,6+3,5-DCP、3,4-DCP、2,4,5-TCP、2,3,6-TCP、2,3,4-TCP、2,3,5,6-TeCP、2,3,4,6-TeCP、2,3,4,5-TeCP等氯酚化合物质量分数显著正相关,显示PCP与它们之间存在降解物与产物的关系.参照美国EPA相关标准,上述鱼塘沉积物中的PCP和Ky氯酚(2,3,4,6-TeCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP)导致生态风险的可能性较低.     

自来水中强致突变物MX的测定

MX[3-氯-4-(二氯甲基)-5-羟基-2(5H)-呋喃酮]是饮用水氯化消毒过程中产生的具有强致突变作用的副产物.实验利用XAD-8吸附树脂对江苏省癌症高发区自来水中的MX进行了富集,饱和BF₃-CH₃OH溶液衍生化,并用GC/MS测定.结果发现,除个别点MX含量较高外,其余浓度在0.58～20.0ng·L^-范围之内.同一采样点枯水期浓度要高于平水期.     

基于斑马鱼的水生生态毒理学实验教学体系的构建

在我国现有的生态毒理学教学体系中,相对于理论教学,其实验教学体系的构建和实践相对滞后,阻碍了相关领域的人才培养。斑马鱼是国际上广受瞩目的小型模式鱼,本文在目前已成功开发并应用于科研的一系列斑马鱼毒性测试策略和方法的基础上,初步构建较为完整的水生生态毒理学实验内容和案例。虽然仅基于斑马鱼这一实验物种,但包括了致死效应、致畸效应、神经毒性、内分泌干扰效应、免疫毒性、遗传毒性等,涵盖不同生物学层面的多个毒理学终点,有助于充分训练学生的实验技能,巩固所学的理论知识。此外,在学生初步掌握上述实验手段的基础上,设置综合性或者设计性实验,可进一步培养学生的创造性思维和科研能力。本文对于现有的生态毒理学实验教学有一定的参考和借鉴意义。