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251.
This study was performed to investigate the removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater using a modified steel slag as the adsorbent. The adsorption effects of alkalinity, salt, water,and thermal modification were investigated. The results showed that thermal activation at 800℃ for 1 hr was the optimum operation to improve the adsorption capacity. The adsorption process of the thermally modified slag was well described by the Elovich kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model reached 13.62 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the modified slag was cracked and that the texture became loose after heating. The surface area and pore volume did not change after thermal modification. In the treatment of domestic wastewater, the modified slag bed(35.5 kg) removed phosphate effectively and operated for 158 days until the effluent P rose above the limit concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The phosphate fractionation method, which is often applied in soil research, was used to analyze the phosphate adsorption behavior in the slag bed. The analysis revealed that the total contents of various Ca–P forms accounted for 81.4%–91.1%, i.e., Ca10–P 50.6%–65.1%, Ca8–P 17.8%–25.0%,and Ca2–P 4.66%–9.20%. The forms of Al–P, Fe–P, and O–P accounted for only 8.9%–18.6%. The formation of Ca10–P precipitates was considered to be the main mechanism of phosphate removal in the thermally modified slag bed. 相似文献
252.
253.
介绍了石化企业生产过程中的泄漏排放源以及在开展泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)的工作中,对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的泄漏排放量进行估算的多种方法,结合石化生产装置泄漏排放量估算实例给出了较为常用的两种美国环保署关于石化企业VOCs泄漏排放量的估算模型。 相似文献
254.
This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the effectiveness of water-trading under uncertainty, by developing an optimization model based on the interval-parameter two-stage stochastic program (TSP) technique. In the study, the effectiveness of a water-trading program is measured by the water volume that can be released through trading from a statistical point of view. The methodology can also deal with recourse water allocation problems generated by randomness in water availability and, at the same time, tackle uncertainties expressed as intervals in the trading system. The developed methodology was tested with a hypothetical water-trading program in an agricultural system in the Swift Current Creek watershed, Canada. Study results indicate that the methodology can effectively measure the effectiveness of a trading program through estimating the water volume being released through trading in a long-term view. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to analyze the effects of different trading costs on the trading program. It shows that the trading efforts would become ineffective when the trading costs are too high. The case study also demonstrates that the trading program is more effective in a dry season when total water availability is in shortage. 相似文献
255.
介绍了在石化企业突发性环境污染事故应急监测中,如何进行布点、采样、确定监测项目、选择检测方法、数据处理和编制监测报告.提出企业应根据生产过程中的原料和产出物的毒理性质,建立相应的数据库.企业应组建应急监测队伍,配备必要的监测仪器,定期组织应急演练. 相似文献
256.
An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N2O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N2O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N2O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N2O fluxes (N2O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N2O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N2O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N2O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N2O emissions from agriculture in China. N2O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N2O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N2O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N2O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N2O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N2O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N2O–N and 291.67 Gg N2O–N, respectively. The annual direct N2O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N2O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China. 相似文献
257.
Xian Q Chen H Liu H Zou H Yin D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(4):233-237
Background, Aims and Scope
Vallisneria spiralis Linn., a common, submerged macrophyte, is widely available in quiet waters of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in Southeast Asia. V. spiralis plays a significant role not only in decreasing eutrophication of water body for its productivity, but also in inhibiting the growth of blue-green algae? The aim of the paper involves the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from extracts of V. spiralis by activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography.Methods
Leaves of V. spiralis was washed free of debris, air-dried and refluxed in 95% EtOH. The extract was isolated using column chromatography and fractionation with antialgal activity. Potential allelochemicals were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS).Results
Two fractions with strong antialgal activity were isolated using column chromatography and activity-guided fractionation from the extract of V. spiralis. 2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide, dihydroactinidiolide and 4-oxo-β-Ionone were identified in the first fraction, and 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone, loliolide, 6-hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionone and an unknown compound in the second fraction. They had strong inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.Discussion
2-Ethyl-3-methylmaleimide is a byproduct of photooxidation of chlorophyll, and five other compounds identified were derivatives of β-carotene. HRGC-MS and derivatization technology were used to identify and confirm their molecular structures. The formula of the unknown compound was C16H19NO4. Metabolites of plant pigments had strong inhibitory activities on growth of algae.Conclusions
Six compounds had been identified in V. spiralis, among them, 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide was the main allelochemical, and derivatives of ionone were also potential allelochemicals.Recommendations and Perspective
. The results of our research could help us to study further mechanisms of inhibitory effect on algae and develop new potential antialgal substances. 相似文献258.
Economic Analysis of CO2 Emission Trends in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Climate change is one of hot spots all around the world. China, the second biggest CO2 emitter, is facing increasingly severe pressure to reduce CO2 emission. The article first describes Kaya Identity and its policy implications. Second, it uses the modified Kaya Identity and makes decomposition without residues on CO2 emission during the period 1971-2005. Taking into account the changes of macroeconomic background, it conducts a detailed analysis in terms of CO2 emission trend from 4th Five Year Plan through 10th Five Year Plan. The decomposition results indicate that economic development and increase in population are major driving forces, and that improvement in energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of CO2 emission, and that decarbonization in primary energy structure is also an important strategic choice. Finally, the article stresses that in CO2 order to realize the binding target of 20% reduction in GDP energy intensity during the 11th Five Year Plan, China should speed up the readjustment of the industrial structure and energetically develop the energy-efficient technologies and clean fuel technology, which will effectively promote the country to reduce CO2 emission and contribute to the mitigation of climate change. 相似文献
259.
三氧化硫磺化工艺用于DSD酸生产 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用三氧化硫磺化工艺替代发烟硫酸磺化工艺是可行的。在DSD生产中,采用干燥空气稀释三充气相磺对化硝基甲苯具有反应易控制,副反应少,产品质量好,对设备防腐要求低,投资省等优点,彻底解决了老工艺的废酸问题。 相似文献
260.