Ozonation of azo dye Acid Red 14 in a microporous tube-in-tube microchannel reactor: decolorization and mechanism

Despite the great success of time-weighted average passive sampling of hydrophobic contaminants, such as PCBs and PAHs, the sampling of polar organic compounds still presents a challenge because the equilibrium between water and most sampling phases is attained in a relatively short time. In this study, we proposed a new time-integrative sampler using in situ solvent extraction (TISIS) for polar organic chemicals. The sampler was composed of a 15 cm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) tubing, with an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and wall thickness of 0.5 mm, through which an extraction solvent (acetonitrile) was passed. Four polar organic contaminants, caffeine, atrazine, diuron and 17α-ethynylestradiol, were chosen for the evaluation of the performance of the sampler. Without the use of in situ solvent extraction, the PDMS tubing when exposed to a constant aqueous concentration of the four model compounds was able to linearly accumulate those compounds for less than 12 h and equilibrium between the PDMS tubing and water was attained in 2 d under our laboratory conditions. However, TISIS when exposed to a constant aqueous concentration was able to linearly accumulate all the model compounds without any exposure time limitation. The measured sampling rates at three different extraction flow rates (0.2, 0.5, 1.5 mL min⁻¹) were similar, regardless of the chemicals, indicating that the overall mass transfer from aqueous solution to the extraction solvent was most likely dominated by partitioning to the PDMS tubing and the internal diffusion within PDMS. In addition, a pulsed exposure experiment confirmed that TISIS operated in a time-integrative mode when the environmental concentration was highly fluctuated.     

葡萄酒副产品深度利用的研究进展

介绍了葡萄皮渣、葡萄籽、酒脚的深度利用途径：葡萄皮渣可用于酿酒、酿醋、提取色素和多酚、吸附重金属;葡萄籽可以提取葡萄籽油、葡萄籽蛋白和抗氧化物质;酒脚可以提取酒石酸盐。开展葡萄酒副产品的深度利用,不仅可以获得良好的经济效益,而且可有效减轻环保压力,获得巨大的社会效益。     

Carbonaceous aerosol characteristics in outdoor and indoor environments of Nanchang, China, during summer 2009

A study of carbonaceous aerosol was initiated in Nanchang, a city in eastern China, for the first time. Daily and diurnal (daytime and nighttime) PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =2.5 microm) samples were collected at an outdoor site and in three different indoor environments (common office, special printing and copying office, and student dormitory) in a campus of Nanchang University during summer 2009 (5-20 June). Daily PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or =10 microm) samples were collected only at the outdoor site, whereas PM2.5 samples were collected at both indoor and outdoor sites. Loaded PM2.5 and PM10 samples were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) by thermal/optical reflectance following the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments-Advanced (IMPROVE-A) protocol. Ambient mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Nanchang were compared with the air quality standards in China and the United States, and revealed high air pollution levels in Nanchang. PM2.5 accounted for about 70% of PM10, but the ratio of OC and EC in PM2.5 to that in PM10 was higher than 80%, which indicated that OC and EC were mainly distributed in the fine particles. The variations of carbonaceous aerosol between daytime and nighttime indicated that OC was released and formed more rapidly in daytime than in nighttime. OC/EC ratios were used to quantify secondary organic carbon (SOC). The differences in SOC and SOC/OC between daytime and nighttime were useful in interpreting the secondary formation mechanism. The results of (1) OC and EC contributions to PM2.5 at indoor sites and the outdoor site; (2) indoor-outdoor correlation of OC and EC; (3) OC-EC correlation; and (4) relative contributions of indoor and outdoor sources to indoor carbonaceous aerosol indicated that OC indoor sources existed in indoor sites, with the highest OC emissions in I2 (the special printing and copying office), and that indoor EC originated from outdoor sources. The distributions of eight carbon fractions in emissions from the printer and copier showed obviously high OC1 (>20%) and OC2 (approximately 30%), and obviously low EC1-OP (a pyrolyzed carbon fraction) (<10%), when compared with other sources.     

A2/O-MBR工艺处理印染废水中试研究

将平板微滤膜与A2/O工艺结合构建了A2/O-MBR中试系统,探讨了中试系统处理印染废水的效果及稳定性.结果表明,水解酸化可提高印染废水的可生化性,对COD平均去除率达到了43%.系统处理效果稳定,在最佳工况下COD、NH3-H和TN的去除率分别为88%、98%和80%.     

La-Ce-attapulgite催化分解NO的研究

采用化学共混法制备系列La-Ce-attapulgite催化剂,并在固定床反应器中进行NO催化分解性能测试.实验考察了稀土加入量、La/Ce配比、共混液pH值和催化剂的活化煅烧温度等制备条件对催化剂脱硝性能的影响.结果表明:稀土加入量为2%,共混液pH=7,La/Ce比值为LaxCe(1-x)(x=0.5),煅烧温度4...     

微波活化法制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及其性能表征

利用入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,采用在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,选择KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备活性炭.研究了不同的KOH/C比值、微波功率及活化时间对活性炭吸附量及产率的影响.结果表明,最优活化条件为碱碳比2g/g、微波功率700w及微波辐射6 min,此时活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、...     

Quantifying the Effect of Ecological Restoration on Soil Erosion in China’s Loess Plateau Region: An Application of the MMF Approach

Land degradation due to erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems in China. To reduce land degradation, the government has taken a number of conservation and restoration measures, including the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), which was launched in 1999. A logical question is whether these measures have reduced soil erosion at the regional level. The objective of this article is to answer this question by assessing soil erosion dynamics in the Zuli River basin in the Loess Plateau of China from 1999 to 2006. The MMF (Morgan, Morgan and Finney) model was used to simulate changes in runoff and soil erosion over the period of time during which ecological restoration projects were implemented. Some model variables were derived from remotely sensed images to provide improved land surface representation. With an overall accuracy rate of 0.67, our simulations show that increased ground vegetation cover, especially in forestlands and grasslands, has reduced soil erosion by 38.8% on average from 1999 to 2006. During the same time period, however, the change in rainfall pattern has caused a 13.1% ± 4.3% increase in soil erosion, resulting in a net 25.7% ± 8.5% reduction in soil erosion. This suggests that China’s various ecological restoration efforts have been effective in reducing soil loss.     

MBR—NF处理印染废水

采用MBR—纳滤(MBR—NF)组合工艺处理印染废水。运行结果表明:MBR出水的COD、ρ(NH3-N)和TN分别为94,0.93,8.88mg/L,COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为87%、95.8%和70.2%,出水水质满足GB4287—92《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》中的一级标准;再经NF处理后出水COD、色度、ρ(总Fe)、ρ(总Mn)和pH分别为11～30mg/L、2.3～7.4倍、0.065～0.095mg/L、0mg/L和8.06～8.21,水质可满足印染工艺回用要求。     

火电厂烟气在线监测系统存在的主要问题及进一步加强在线监测工作的建议

火电厂燃煤过程排放的污染物是我国大气污染的主要来源之一,烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)是实现烟气排放连续监测有效的现代化仪器设备。介绍了目前我国火电厂烟气的CEMS主要存在的问题,并针对这些存在的问题提出了相应的解决方案。     

ORP控制在硫化物生物氧化成单质硫过程中的应用

试验采用气升式反应器,接种实验室自行培养的排硫硫杆菌种,在进水pH值为7.0±0.2,温度控制在30±2℃条件下,研究了以ORP为控制参数在硫化物生物氧化成单质硫过程中的应用,并考察了pH和污泥硫负荷对ORP及硫化物生物氧化的影响.结果表明,硫化物去除率和硫酸根生成率均随ORP的降低而下降,不同容积负荷下,控制合适的ORP均可得到单质硫的最大生成率;当ORP为-380～340 mV,pH为7.85～8.63,污泥硫负荷为8.4 kg S/(kg MLSS·d)时,反应器运行状况良好.