广西典型岩溶区农田土壤-作物系统Cd迁移富集影响因素

为揭示岩溶区农田土壤-作物系统Cd迁移富集主要影响因素,选择广西典型岩溶区根系土-水稻籽实Cd含量及土壤pH值、有机质（OM）、氧化物含量和质地数据,通过Spearman相关性分析和主成分分析（PCA）,开展了土壤理化性质对土壤和水稻籽实Cd含量的影响研究.结果表明,相比于全国土壤背景基准值,研究区土壤中总氧化铁（TFe₂O₃）、三氧化二铝（Al₂O₃）和氧化锰（MnO）相对富集,平均含量分别为20.2%、19.0%和0.2%,且区内广泛发育Fe-Mn结核;而二氧化硅（SiO₂）相对亏损,平均含量为41.0%,呈现出典型的"脱硅富铝铁"特征,表明研究区土壤经历了较强烈的风化淋溶作用.相关性分析结果显示,土壤TFe₂O₃和MnO含量分别与土壤总Cd含量和残渣态Cd百分比呈显著的正相关性,与有效态Cd含量、水稻籽实Cd含量和Cd的生物富集系数（BCF）呈显著的负相关性.PCA分析结果也显示,土壤TFe₂O₃和MnO含量是影响土壤-作物系统Cd迁移富集的主要因素,而土壤pH值、OM和Al₂O₃含量等影响程度较小,SiO₂含量和土壤质地间接地影响土壤-作物系统Cd的迁移富集.综合研究认为,土壤在交替氧化和还原条件下所形成的新生体Fe-Mn结核对Cd具有较强的吸附和固定作用,导致Cd在残渣态中相对富集,降低了土壤Cd的活动性,因此Fe-Mn结核是研究区土壤Cd生物有效性的主要影响因素.     

黄土高原不同降水量区旱作苹果园地水分生产力和土壤干燥化效应模拟与比较

为了揭示黄土高原旱作苹果园深层土壤干燥化对果园产量的长远影响,确定果园适宜利用年限,应用WinEPIC模型定量模拟分析了1965—2009年黄土高原半湿润区洛川、半湿润易旱区白水、半干旱区延安、半干旱易旱区静宁等不同降水量区旱作苹果园地水分生产力演变和深层土壤水分动态变化规律,并比较了其区域差异。结果表明：洛川、白水、延安和静宁果园产量均呈现出“先逐年升高达到最大值,之后随当地降雨量变化而波动性降低”趋势,45 a平均值分别为26.05、23.89、22.29和20.51 t/hm²;1~20 a生果园平均年耗水量均高于同期年降水量,导致果园深层土壤干燥化强烈,洛川1~22 a生、白水1~21 a生、延安1~18 a生、静宁1~16 a生的土壤逐月有效含水量呈明显波动性降低趋势,年均土壤干燥化速率分别为59.6、56.9、63.9和64.9 mm/a,静宁>延安>洛川>白水,此后苹果园地土壤有效含水量在较低水平上随季节降水变化波动;洛川、白水、延安和静宁苹果园地0~15 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈,土壤湿度逐年降低,土壤干层出现时间分别为13 a生、11 a生、7 a生和6 a生,土壤干层逐年加厚,在20 a生时均已超过11 m,21 a生以后3~15 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态;4个试点果园水分生产力和土壤干燥化效应区域差异显著,果园土壤水分可持续利用年限为20~25 a。     

Distribution of thifluzamide,fenoxanil and tebuconazole in rice paddy and dietary risk assessment

Distribution behaviors of thifluzamide, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole applied to rice were investigated in South China. Analysis was by a modified QuEChERS method with gas chromatography (thifluzamide and fenoxanil) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (tebuconazole). Thifluzamide and tebuconazole partitioned mainly into the soil, with half-lives in the paddy soil of 12–14 and 5.3–7.8 days, respectively. Fenoxanil partitioned mainly into the rice plants, with half-lives of 3.3–4.4 days. The half-lives of thifluzamide, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole in paddy water were 0.17–0.89, 1.8–3.0, and 1.6–4.0 days, respectively. The residues in rice grains at the pre-harvest interval of 14 days were all below the established maximum limit values. The dietary risks assessed as hazard quotients at the pre-harvest interval were less than 1.     

亚热带水库沉积物钻孔中有机质的历史记录及其环境意义

氢指数(HI)是重要的有机质评价参数,能够反映沉积有机质中脂肪大分子物质的相对含量,并用于反演水生生态系统的历史初级生产力,有助于研究藻类生产力对污染物的富集作用。为了探讨氢指数的环境指示作用,选择了亚热带的3座水库作为研究对象,采用Rock-Eval热解与生物标志物-中性糖方法相结合的研究技术,研究了沉积钻孔有机质的来源与特征;并结合210Pb和137Cs定年技术,综合运用氢指数和总糖含量对水库的初级生产力进行了重建。结果表明:中富营养的增塘和联安水库沉积有机质主要来源于浮游藻类,且受降解的程度较小,而贫营养的新丰江水库钻孔下层有机质主要是受降解作用或陆源高等植物等的影响。近年来,3个水库的HI值都有显著性的增加,且与其对应的总糖含量以及近50年来的滑动平均温度都高度的相关,说明这些水库都经历了气候变暖所引起的初级生产力增长。同时,升高的水库生产力扩大了沉积物剖面中重金属和多环芳烃的累积。     

条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与富集砷的关系

研究条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与条斑紫菜富集砷的关系。结果表明:条斑紫菜吸收磷、钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中,平均占总磷含量的53.9%,占总钙含量的61.25%,其次为细胞液。与对照组相比(砷暴露浓度0.5 mg·L~(-1)),在添加磷浓度为0.1 mg·L~(-1)和1.0 mg·L~(-1)处理组中,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间呈现协同效应;当添加磷浓度为5.0 mg·L~(-1)和10.0 mg·L~(-1)时,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间则呈现拮抗作用,砷的富集量分别比照组下降61.37%和72.73%。经添加钙液暴露过的条斑紫菜,当钙暴露浓度为1 000 mg·L~(-1)时其对砷的富集量比对照组减少15.51%。可知,5.0 mg·L~(-1)磷处理条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜对砷的富集受到明显的抑制。     

重金属污染下龟壳攀鲈组织中ACP和AKP的活力比较

龟壳攀鲈是一种在极端污染水域中具备生存优势的鱼类,收集重污染区和轻污染区的龟壳攀鲈,并通过比较其体内各组织中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性来揭示其耐污能力。贵屿作为重污染区有4个采样点:大陇村、市上村、联堤村和北林村;潮州作为轻污染区有2个采样点:卧石村和洗马桥。水质结果表明,贵屿采样地水中的Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg含量分别是潮州采样点的27.6倍、3.9倍、5.8倍、3.9倍和3.5倍,说明贵屿采样地的污染远高于潮州的。酶活结果表明,在龟壳攀鲈所有组织中,内脏组织(胃肠、性腺、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏)中的ACP和AKP活力均高于外周组织(肌肉、鳞片、鳃);重金属污染均能提高攀鲈体内所有组织的ACP和AKP活力;AKP活性更容易受到重金属的影响,各组织的AKP活力增幅普遍超过ACP活力增幅;其中,受重金属影响最大的组织是脾脏,ACP和AKP活力可增长到2.37倍和6.21倍。这些结果说明了龟壳攀鲈可以通过显著升高内脏组织(如肠胃、肝脏、肾脏等)中ACP和AKP活性,以便更好地应对高污染环境;其中AKP更容易受到重金属的影响,适合用于作为评估污染的指标。     

Wastewater-nitrogen removal using polylactic acid/starch as carbon source: Optimization of operating parameters using response surface methodology

The use of PLA/starch blends for nitrogen removal was achieved. The influence of different operating parameters on responses was verified using RSM. The conditions for desired responses were successfully optimized simultaneously. Blends material may have a promising application prospect in the future. Nitrogen removal from ammonium-containing wastewater was conducted using polylactic acid (PLA)/starch blends as carbon source and carrier for functional bacteria. The exclusive and interactive influences of operating parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, stirring rate, and PLA-to-starch ratio (PLA proportion)) on nitrification (Y₁), denitrification (Y₂), and COD release rates (Y₃) were investigated through response surface methodology. Experimental results indicated that nitrogen removal could be successfully achieved in the PLA/starch blends through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The carbon release rate of the blends was controllable. The sensitivity of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ to different operating parameters also differed. The sequence for each response was as follows: for Y₁, pH>stirring rate>PLA proportion>temperature; for Y₂, pH>PLA proportion>temperature>stirring rate; and for Y₃, stirring rate>pH>PLA proportion>temperature. In this study, the following optimum conditions were observed: temperature, 32.0°C; pH 7.7; stirring rate, 200.0 r·min^-1; and PLA proportion, 0.4. Under these conditions, Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were 134.0 μg-N·g-blend^-1·h^-1, 160.9 μg-N·g-blend^-1·h^-1, and 7.6 × 10³ μg-O·g-blend^-1·h^-1, respectively. These results suggested that the PLA/starch blends may be an ideal packing material for nitrogen removal.     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

全球气候变化下中国农业生产潜力的空间演变

农业生产潜力对区域农业发展和农业产业投资与布局等具有重要影响。然而,当前的研究较少探讨1980年代以来我国区域农业生产潜力空间演变特征,以及就未来气候变化对中国区域农业生产潜力所产生的可能影响也还较少关注。为此,论文对1980年代以来中国区域农业生产潜力的空间演变特征进行了分析,并就未来气候变化对中国区域农业生产潜力的可能影响做出了估计,研究发现：1961—2012年中国农业生产潜力的地理分异特征异常显著,其中东南较高,西北相对较低,同时呈现出较为明显的纬度地带性规律。1980年代以来我国农业生产潜力减少的区域主要是集中在胡焕庸线以东的地区,其中四川盆地和华北平原中部等地区的农业生产潜力减少最为明显,约在4%以上,而水分有效系数的下降是其农业生产潜力减少的主要因素,农业生产潜力增加的地区则主要位于长江中下游和华北平原南部等地。在当前的全球变化趋势下,模拟得到,2041—2060年我国农业生产潜力减少的区域可能主要位于长江以南以及青海中部地区,其中四川盆地和湖北中南部等地的农业生产潜力下降趋势最为明显,因而这也可能会给这些地区的平均粮食产量带来一定程度的下降。     

金属冶选尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染诊断

通过对某尾矿库周边15个取样点的土壤进行取样调查,根据国家土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995),采用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法对该区的土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量进行评价。结果表明:所有采样点的土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—1995二级标准值,各金属污染程度为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb;采样点土壤中Cu含量均未超过GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Pb在采样点GW-3、GW-5、GW-6、GW-7的含量超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Zn在采样点GW-2、GW-8的含量也超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Cd在采样点GW-5、GW-7的含量超过GB15618—1995一级标准值;尾矿库四周污染程度依次为:东侧>南侧>北侧>西侧。