New approaches to forest planning are needed to support the transition of European forests to sustainable management. The aim of this study is to review forest planning systems already in place throughout Europe by exploring a set of case-study countries reflecting the main silvicultural schools of Western Europe, including Belgium, Finland, France, Italy, Portugal, and Slovenia.
A literature review and case-study data were used to assess the scale factors (vertical logic) as well as the relationships between forest planning and other environmental/land-use planning sectors (horizontal logic). The influence of EU policy on the development of forest planning is also discussed. As assessed using the vertical logic, the multi-scale and multi-topic planning approaches adopted in the countries studied here are highly heterogeneous. The horizontal logic shows that despite the importance of an inter-sectoral and harmonic relational framework between forest planning and the planning efforts of other sectors such as landscape and urban planning, the various plans are barely consistent with each other across the European countries studied here. Although interest is growing in the multi-functionality of forests, their sustainable management calls for the development of better integrated planning approaches across Europe. 相似文献
Many recreational anglers practice catch-and-release angling, where fish are returned to the water with the presumption that
they will survive. However, not all fish survive, and those that do often experience sublethal consequences including injury
and stress. There is compelling scientific evidence that angler behavior and gear choice can affect the success of catch-and-release
as a management and conservation strategy. Because anglers often look to government natural resource agencies for guidance
on how to handle and release fish properly, there is a need to assess whether their outreach materials are readily accessible
and provide the necessary and correct information on the subject. Therefore, on-line catch-and-release guidelines developed
by state and provincial natural resource agencies across North America were evaluated to determine whether their guidelines
were consistent with the best available scientific information. This analysis revealed that there was immense variation in
the depth and breadth of coverage among jurisdictions. Agency guidelines contradicted one another in several areas including
air exposure, angling in deep water, venting trapped gases, and resuscitation. In many cases, the guidelines failed to provide
sufficient direction to actually be of use to anglers or provide direction consistent with contemporary scientific literature.
This analysis will assist with developing outreach materials that promote sustainable recreational fisheries and in maintaining
the welfare status of individual fish. 相似文献
Measurements of pollutant gases, airborne particulate matter mass and composition, and meteorology have been made at a core site near downtown Atlanta, GA, since August 1998 in support of the Aerosol Research and Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES). This site is one of eight in the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization network. The measurement objective is to provide a long-term, multivariate dataset suitable for investigating statistical associations of respiratory and cardiovascular disease with airborne particulate matter composition, meteorology, and copollutant gases through epidemiologic modeling. Measurements are expected to continue through 2010. Ancillary multiyear measurements at additional sites in the Atlanta metropolitan area and in short-term exposure assessments have been used to estimate the exposure/measurement error associated with using data from a central site to approximate human exposures for the entire area. To date, 13-, 25-, and 53-month air quality datasets have been used in epidemiologic analyses. 相似文献
A new sample preparation technique, solid phase microextraction (SPME), was compared with direct headspace-GC-MS with respect
to the type and amount of identified compounds. Three types of LDPE films containing photosensitising additives according
to the Scott-Gilead patents and pure LDPE were used as model substances. The polyethylene films were thermally aged at 80‡C
after the induction period was surpassed by subjecting the materials to 100 h of UV radiation. The new SPME method was developed
using nonpolar poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polar carbowax fibers to extract the low molecular weight products formed in the
polyethylene films during aging. Many more products were identified after SPME followed by GC-MS than after direct headspace-GC-MS
of the samples. The SPME method allowed the identification of homologous series of carboxylic acids, ketones, and furanones,
while direct headspace-GC-MS identified only a few carboxylic acids (C1-C6) and small amounts of some ketones and furanones.
In general, SPME was more effective in extracting less volatile products, and in particular, the polar carbowax fiber identified
also C7-C12 carboxylic acids and 4-oxopentanoic acid. By SEC and FTIR we confirmed that the number and amount of former degradation
products correlated well with the decrease in molecular weights and the amount of formed carbonyl compounds. 相似文献
Little is known about the physicochemical properties of beryllium aerosols associated with increased risk of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Such information is needed to evaluate whether airborne mass of beryllium is the appropriate metric of exposure or alternatively to provide a scientific basis for using information on particle size, surface area, and chemistry to support an improved exposure limit based on bioavailability through the inhalation and dermal routes of exposure. Thus, we used a suite of analytical techniques to characterize aerodynamically size-fractionated beryllium particles and powders that have been associated in epidemiological studies with higher prevalence of CBD. Aerosol particles were sampled from the ventilation systems of production lines for powders of beryllium metal and beryllium oxide and for ingots of copper-beryllium alloy. End product powders from the metal and oxide production lines were also collected.Particles released during production of beryllium metal were found to be complex, having heterogeneous composition, including reactive species such as fluorine. Powders from beryllium metal production were of high purity with only a minor component of beryllium oxide. Both particles and powders from oxide production were high-purity oxide. Particles released during production of copper-beryllium alloy were heterogeneous, being predominantly copper oxides. Thus, all particles and powders contain at least some beryllium in the form of beryllium oxide.These data justify efforts to thoroughly characterize beryllium aerosol properties when performing exposure assessments. The data also suggest that differences in particle chemical composition, size, number, and surface area may influence bioavailability of beryllium and contribute to risk of CBD. However, a scientific basis does not yet exist to replace mass as the current metric of exposure. 相似文献
Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) were collected in June and August 1986 at the outlets of two agricultural drainages into the Lower Laguna Madre of South Texas and at two other Texas coastal sites. Mean liver concentration of arsenic was higher in August than June. Over 20% of the livers had arsenic concentrations elevated above a suggested background level of 5.0 ppm dry weight (DW), but concentrations (maximum 15 ppm) were below those associated with acute toxicity. Selenium concentration in livers varied from 2.3 to 8.3 ppm DW for all locations and represented background levels. Mercury concentrations in livers for all locations (means = 2.0 to 3.4, maximum 17 ppm DW) were below those associated with avian mortality and similar to levels found in other estuarine/marine birds. DDE in carcasses was higher in adults (mean = 1.0 ppm wet weight) than juveniles (0.2 ppm), and higher in August (1.0 ppm) than June (0.5 ppm); however, DDE concentrations were generally at background levels. Based on brain cholinesterase activity, willets were not recently exposed to organophosphate pesticides. 相似文献