Disinfection byproduct formation from algal organic matters after ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon treatment with subsequent chlorination

Algal organic matter (AOM), including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) from algal blooms, is widely accepted as essential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study evaluated the effect of ozonation or ozone combined with activated carbon (O₃-AC) treatment on characteristic alternation and DBP formation with subsequent chlorination of Chlorella sp.. The effects of pH and bromide concentration on DBP formation by ozonation or O₃-AC treatment were also investigated. Results showed that the potential formation of DBPs might be attributed to ozonation, but these DBP precursors could be further removed by activated carbon (AC) treatment. Moreover, the formation of target DBPs was controlled at acidic pH by alleviating the reactions between chlorine and AOM. Besides, the bromide substitution factor (BSF) value of trihalomethanes (THMs) from EOM and IOM remained constant after AC treatment. However, THM precursors could be significantly decreased by AC treatment. The above results indicated that O₃-AC was a feasible treatment method for algal-impacted water.     

Thiocyanate-induced labilization of schwertmannite: Impacts and mechanisms

Schwertmannite is an amorphous iron(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate that forms in acid mine drainage(AMD) environments. The characteristic of high heavy metal adsorption capability makes schwertmannite a potentially useful, environmentally friendly material in wastewater treatment. Unstable schwertmannite is prone to recrystallization.Understanding the mechanisms that induce schwertmannite labilization and affect its capacity to remove heavy metals are of great environmental and geochemical significance.Thiocyanate(SCNˉ) is a hazardous pseudohalide that is also normally found in AMD.However, little is known about the impact of Fe(III)-binding ligand SCNˉ on schwertmannite stability and its subsequent capacity to bind trace elements. Here, we investigated the adsorption of SCNˉ on schwertmannite and subsequent mineral transformation to characterize this little-known process. The appearance of Fe2+indicated that the interactions between schwertmannite and SCNˉ may involve complexation and reduction reactions. Results showed that the majority of the adsorbed-SCNˉ was immobilized on schwertmannite during the 60-days transformation. The transformation rates of schwertmannite increased with increasing concentrations of SCNˉ. Goethite was detected as the dominant transformation product with or without SCNˉ. The mechanisms of SCNˉ-promoted dissolution of schwertmannite can be described as follows:(1) formation of Fe(III)–NCS complexes on the schwertmannite surface and in solution, a process which increases the reactivity of solid phase Fe(III);(2) the extraction of Fe(III) from schwertmannite by SCNˉ and subsequent schwertmannite dissolution; and(3) the formation of secondary minerals from extracted Fe(III). These findings may improve AMD treatment strategies and provide insight into the use and potential reuse of schwertmannite as a trace element sorbent.     

Study on the mechanism of copper–ammonia complex decomposition in struvite formation process and enhanced ammonia and copper removal

Heavy metals and ammonia are difficult to remove from wastewater, as they easily combine into refractory complexes. The struvite formation method (SFM) was applied for the complex decomposition and simultaneous removal of heavy metal and ammonia. The results indicated that ammonia deprivation by SFM was the key factor leading to the decomposition of the copper–ammonia complex ion. Ammonia was separated from solution as crystalline struvite, and the copper mainly co-precipitated as copper hydroxide together with struvite. Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction were considered to be the main surface interactions between struvite and copper hydroxide. Hydrogen bonding was concluded to be the key factor leading to the co-precipitation. In addition, incorporation of copper ions into the struvite crystal also occurred during the treatment process.     

西安市汉城湖浮游植物群落结构与水质状况分析

为探究汉城浮游植物群落结构特点并确定水体营养化程度,于2015年对汉城湖水体浮游植物群落结构和主要理化因子进行了调查与分析。结果表明:共检测出浮游植物7门44属,其中绿藻门19属,蓝藻门10属,硅藻门6属,金藻门3属,隐藻门、甲藻门和裸藻门各2属;浮游植物细胞密度变化范围为1.42×10~4~24.18×10~4个/L,平均值为11.20×10~4个/L;浮游植物主要优势属为鞘丝藻属(Lyngbya)、锥囊藻属(Dinobryon)、隐藻属(Cryptomonas)、蓝隐藻属(Chroomonas)、平裂藻属(Merismopedia)、裸藻属(Euglene)和裸囊藻属(Trachelomonas)等;浮游植物优势种、污染指示种、多样性指数和水体综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)的综合分析显示,汉城湖水体整体处于中-富营养化状态,秋季水质最差,春季水质最好,氮、磷的含量有逐渐增加的趋势,水体从上游至下游逐渐被净化。     

钢铁烧结烟气脱硫灰制备蒸养砖的实验研究

我国钢厂每年的脱硫灰产生量巨大,但由于脱硫灰性状不稳,难以被利用.为缓解这一情况,本文通过对武钢三烧脱硫灰物理、化学、物相等因素的分析,提出应用脱硫灰制备蒸养砖的思路,并通过正交实验得到各种因素对于蒸养砖强度的影响顺序为:水泥熟料添加量＞粉煤灰添加量＞脱硫灰添加量,蒸养砖在最佳配比时抗压强度可达14.05 MPa.     

Significance of mangrove–mudflat boundaries as nursery grounds for the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain

Fisheries managers frequently try to protect juveniles in order to preserve stocks. Juveniles can be protected by either implementing changes designed to avoid catching immature animals (e.g. increasing mesh size or altering fishing techniques) or protecting nursery grounds. To prevent the capture of immature animals, an estimate of size at maturity is required as well as a knowledge of both fishing methods and the exact location of the nursery grounds. Strong demand for juvenile mud crabs to stock aquaculture ponds has resulted in development of fisheries targeting crabs of all sizes from instar 1 to mature individuals. Using five different fishing methods, different stages in the life cycle of Scylla paramamosain were followed for a period of 16 months in an estuarine population in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Mangrove habitat utilisation begins when crabs settle out from the plankton at instar 1 [modal internal carapace width (ICW), 0.5 cm] amongst the pneumatophores at the mangrove fringe. Increasingly larger crabs were found deeper into the mangrove but they were still living on the surface (modal ICW size class, 1.5 cm). As their size increases, the crabs either dig burrows (modal ICW size class, 4.5 cm) or they live in the sub-tidal zone, migrating into the mangrove with each tide to feed (modal ICW size class, 4.5 cm). Larger crabs were caught offshore (modal ICW size class, 12.5 cm) where females accounted for 60% of the catch although of these, only 63% were mature. Recruitment of early instars was continuous but peaked in December to February. Subsequent peaks in the catch rates of larger size classes indicated the development of a single cohort with an estimated growth rate of 2.0 cm ICW per month. On the basis of abdominal width, females were estimated to mature at 10.2 cm ICW although at 9.7 cm ICW, 50% of females had disengaged abdomens. Abdominal disengagement occurred in males at the slightly smaller size of 9.1 cm ICW. Allometric relationships between chela height and carapace width suggested 50% of males acquire mature chelae at 10.2 cm ICW. These results demonstrate the close linkage between early life stages of S. paramamosain and certain specific niches within mangrove habitats, with the main adult population found to be living sub-tidally at some distance from the mouth of the estuary. The study also highlights the special importance of the mangrove fringe, the border between the mangrove forest and the sea, an area which is particularly vulnerable to physical and anthropogenic impacts.     

中国农村推广浅层地能开发技术前景探讨

利用热泵技术开采浅层低温地能（热）来满足农村供暖（冷）的需求,同时实现供暖（冷）区域的零污染排放。2007年开始在宁安市渤海镇进行试点建设,带来了可观的环境、经济、社会效益,对改变能源结构,资源的高效利用、不可再生能源资源的持续利用、农村经济的可持续发展和农村城镇化建设等具有重要的促进作用和现实意义。浅层地能（热）的开发、利用,在某种意义上讲,是暖通行业能源利用的一场革命。     

浅谈宁安市农村垃圾污染现状与防治对策

分析当前宁安市农村垃圾污染现状及其原因,针对农村垃圾的收集、贮运、最终处理处置的主要环节,提出了宁安市农村垃圾治理的总体思路、坚持的原则、运行模式以及采取的措施,使垃圾从产生源头上进行减量化、资源化,以最少量进入到无害化处置环节。农村垃圾治理不仅带来环境效益,同时也带来相应的经济效益和社会效益。从根本上实现农村垃圾污染防治,以保持农村经济可持续发展,农民生活质量持续提高。     

衡水湖湿地恢复预案空间模拟及生态风险评价

基于湿地水位、坡度和土地利用/植被覆盖数据3个湿地生境要素,依据湿地生境自然生态单元要素组合和不同湿地恢复策略,在综合考虑水禽生境适宜性和保护区发展现状及未来目标的基础上,对衡水湖国家级自然保护区湿地的生态恢复进行了多预案设计.同时,将目标保护物种纳入考虑范围,通过对湿地恢复预案的生态指数、脆弱度和生态风险值进行评估,构建了一套相对系统的湿地恢复规划与评价体系,并通过对湿地恢复预案实施前后基础设施建设和人为活动导致的生态风险进行评估,揭示了各预案下湿地生态风险在保护区内的空间分布特征.研究表明,以湿地恢复为主的预案1的高风险值区域分布范围最大,以生境改造为主的预案2的高风险值区域分布范围在3个调整方案中最小,湿地恢复与生境改造并重的方案3的高风险值区域在3个调整方案中处于中等水平.结合鸟类适宜生境及其风险分布情况,湿地恢复和生境改造并重的方案值得推荐.