桥梁工程区气象安全保障系统的研究

根据国内大型桥梁建设工程区对气象安全保障的特殊要求及目前常规气象监测与预报预警的现状 ,笔者提出桥梁工程区气象环境监测、预报预警、安全保障建设的整体思路和技术框架 ,并据此研制成功一个基于通用分组无线业务 (GPRS) ,由工程区数据采集、分析及预报制作、信息传输、应急措施 4部分组成的桥梁工程区气象安全保障系统。该系统克服了以往桥梁施工气象安全保障中的缺陷 ,满足了建设部门随时随地掌握工程区当前和未来气象环境及其他安全保障对工程区气象基础数据的需求。系统应用于苏通长江公路大桥施工期的气象安全保障中 ,已取得明显实效 ,为该大桥建设规避气象灾害 ,降低不利天气条件影响 ,保障施工安全及施工计划安排提供了决策依据。     

Analysis of vapor phase organics in air of Beijing, Langfang and Tianjin by capillary GC and GC/MS

The vapor phase organics (VPOs) in the air of Beijing, Langfang and Tianjin were detected by a capillary gas chromatography and GC/MS during the winter and the summer separately. The tentatively identified compounds include alkanes, cyclic hydrocarbons, alkenes, aromatics, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, halocarbons and so on. The numbers of VPOs found are 118 in Beijing, 83 in Lang-fang and 65 in Tianjin in the winter, and 56, 39 and 72 in the summer respectively. Based on the data of some representative compounds determined quantitatively by GC and GC/MS, a profile of organic pollution in the air of the three cities is presented.     

基于2H&18O和水化学成分的永定河流域地下水循环特征解析

运用环境同位素和水化学成分作为水循环研究的示踪剂, 揭示了永定河流域中下游地下水 循环特征。通过现场调查并对浅层和深层地下水采样, 进行室内水化学和氢氧同位素组成测定, 分 析了流域内深层和浅层地下水的氢氧同位素和水化学组成的空间分布规律和演化趋势, 揭示了流 域地下水循环特征。结果表明, 降水是山前地下水的主要补给源, 地下水在接受降水的补给后经过 了不同程度的蒸发作用, 山区受蒸发影响较小, 平原区较大, 尤其是平原区浅层地下水呈现出强烈 的蒸发浓缩作用; 水化学特征表现为自西部山区到山前平原至滨海平原, 自浅层到深层, 地下水的 矿化度逐渐升高; 平原区浅层和深层地下水含水层之间存在明显的越流补给现象; 沿海地区未发现 海水入侵现象。     

混凝-臭氧氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

利用以水玻璃、硫酸、硫酸铝和废铁屑为原料研制出的聚硅酸硫酸铝铁类混凝剂 (PSAFCS) ,结合臭氧氧化预处理某垃圾填埋场渗滤液。实验结果表明 ,经过该处理工艺 ,垃圾渗滤液CODCr去除率达 70 .6% ,BOD5去除率达 75 .4% ,色度去除率为 94% ,说明该方法是行之有效的     

污水排海工程设计的初步研究

本文结合我国国情根据混合区边缘污染物背景值以及海域功能，从而确定允许的污染物最大增加值，并具此推算出扩散器长度和起始稀释度。     

Effects of arsenic on concentration and distribution of nutrients in the fronds of the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L

Pteris vittata was the first terrestrial plant known to hyperaccumulate arsenic (As). However, it is unclear how As hyperaccumulation influences nutrient uptake by this plant. P. vittata fern was grown in soil spiked with 0-500 mg As kg(-1) in the greenhouse for 24 weeks. The concentrations of essential macro- (P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micro- (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Mo) elements in the fronds of different age were examined. Both macro- and micronutrients in the fronds were found to be within the normal concentration ranges for non-hyperaccumulators. However, As hyperaccumulation did influence the elemental distribution among fronds of different age of P. vittata. Arsenic-induced P and K enhancements in the fronds contributed to the As-induced growth stimulation at low As levels. The frond P/As molar ratios of 1.0 can be used as the threshold value for normal growth of P. vittata. Potassium may function as a counter-cation for As in the fronds as shown by the As-induced K increases in the fronds. The present findings not only demonstrate that P. vittata has the ability to maintain adequate concentrations of essential nutrients while hyperaccumulating As from the soil, but also have implications for soil management (fertilization in particular) of P. vittata in As phytoextraction practice.     

Occurrence and risk assessment of currently used organophosphate pesticides in overlying water and surface sediments in Guangzhou urban waterways,China

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are one type of the most massively used pesticides and ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, which may pose potential risks to the aquatic organisms and human health. In the present study, the spatiotemporal distribution and potential risks of OPPs were investigated in overlying water and surficial sediments from urban waterways of Guangzhou. For all studied sites, in general, four target OPPs (i.e., malathion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and diazinon) were present in the overlying water, with malathion and chlorpyrifos as major components. Higher concentrations of the four OPPs were found for the water and sediments collected in the dry season compared to the wet season, possibly because of the dilution effect of heavy rains. The results of Pearson’s analyses and principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) suggested similar sources for target OPPs in the water and sediments across the Guangzhou urban waterways. Potential ecological risks of the OPPs to three representative taxons (algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fish) were evaluated via toxic units (TUs) and risk quotients (RQs), while risk assessment on human health was performed using hazard index (HI). Although TU results showed no acute risks to the aquatic organisms in the overlying water and surface sediments, RQ results of the mixture showed high risks to the aquatic invertebrate and fish in all water samples. Individual HI values and cumulative HI values were on the order of 10^?6–10^?3 for children and adults, suggesting no potential risks to either children or adults through drinking and bathing.

Graphical abstract

     

Optimal Control Models and Elicitation of Attitudes towards Climate Damages

This paper examines the consequences of various attitudes towards climate damages through a family of stochastic optimal control models (RESPONSE): cost-efficiency for a given temperature ceiling; cost-benefit analysis with a pure preference for current climate regime and full cost-benefit analysis. The choice of a given proxy of climate change risks is actually more than a technical option. It is essentially motivated by the degree of distrust regarding the legitimacy of an assessment of climate damages and the possibility of providing in due time reliable and non controversial estimates. Our results demonstrate that (a) for early decades abatement, the difference between various decision-making frameworks appears to matter less than the difference between stochastic and non stochastic approach given the cascade of uncertainty from emissions to damages; (b) in a stochastic approach, the possibility of non-catastrophic singularities in the damage function is sufficient to significantly increase earlier optimal abatements; (c) a window of opportunity for action exists up to 2040: abatements further delayed may induce significant regret in case of bad news about climate response or singularities in damages.     

LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3型钙钛矿活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备LaCo_1-xM_xO₃（M=Cu、Fe、Mn）型钙钛矿并用来活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解偶氮染料AO7.选取效果最好的LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃型钙钛矿为研究对象,考察了钙钛矿投加量、PMS浓度、pH和染料废水中常见Cl^-对LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃/PMS体系降解AO7的影响,分析了体系的反应过程并考察了矿化能力.结果表明,LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃可以有效活化PMS降解AO7,反应随着材料投加量和PMS浓度的增加而加快.在中性条件下反应速度最快,过酸过碱均会抑制反应的进行.在优化条件为LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃投加量20mg/L、PMS浓度0.50mmol/L、AO7浓度0.05mmol/L时,AO7可在20min内完全降解.该反应主要发生在材料表面并且主要活性物种为·OH,对AO7具有优异的脱色能力和较好的矿化效果.     

预曝气及提取方法对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为了获得更高的胞外聚合物质（EPS）得率及其对污染物的去除效果,比较了活性污泥预曝气时间及2种提取方法（超声法和甲醛+NaOH法）对提取EPS的影响,分析了EPS的荧光组分以及与污染物去除有关的基团差异.结果表明,污泥经过4h预曝气,EPS得率最高;甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS是超声法的1.5~1.7倍;其中蛋白质、多糖、DNA含量分别是后者的1.4~1.7、0.8~2和2.3~2.7倍.甲醛+NaOH提取法获得的EPS对高岭土的絮凝率和对Cr³⁺的去除率分别高出超声法16%和33%,絮凝率和去除率分别达到了65%和63%.三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中芳香蛋白和溶解性微生物代谢产物含量分别是超声法的1.4~1.9倍和1.8~2.4倍;胡敏酸类物质仅大量存在于甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中,且腐殖质与Cr³⁺去除率呈显著相关（P<0.01,R²=0.920）.红外光谱分析表明,甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中有区别于超声法的特殊基团,其中-OH、-COOH、-NH₂等基团与Cr³⁺发生了配位络合作用.