安全生产标准化在胜利油田的实施建义

2004年,国家安全监管局印发了《关于开展安全质量标准化活动的指导意见》,煤矿、非煤矿山、危险化学品、烟花爆竹、冶金、机械等行业均     

基于居民视角的应急避难所优化配置研究

以虚拟区域和哈尔滨市道里区经纬街为研究区，以满足居民避难需求为目标，分别构建居民避难行动效率模型与应急避难所服务范围模型，并将二者进行耦合。先以虚拟区域说明利用耦合模型的适用性与可行性，再以研究区探讨居民避难所效率与应急避难所优化配置。研究结果表明:研究区现状应急避难所配置，在研究区有2处是应急避难所服务无法覆盖的范围。以耦合模型为基础，确定需要增加2个应急避难所，才能满足居民避难需求。该研究方法不仅为我国应急避难所优化配置理论与方法作了补充，其结果也为研究区及其他地区应急避难所优化配置提供了参考依据。     

静电纺壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜对Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)及Cd~(2+)的吸附特性

采用SEM、FTIR、XRD、BET等技术对静电纺丝制得的吸附材料壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇(CS/PVA)纳米纤维膜进行表征,并通过对模拟重金属离子废水的吸附实验,系统考察了溶液pH、重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+及Cd2+)初始浓度和反应温度对吸附的影响.结果表明,在外加电压25kV、接触距离15.0 cm、纺丝速度0.15 m L·h-1的条件下,可制得CS/PVA质量比为20/80的连续无缺陷的平均直径76.31 nm、比表面积219.4m2·g-1的纤维膜.CS/PVA纳米纤维膜对重金属离子的吸附在2 h内达到平衡,其吸附容量随着温度的升高而升高,随着初始浓度的增大而增大,随着pH值的升高而提高,在pH=5.5时达到最大.在25℃和pH=5.5的条件下,用CS/PVA纳米纤维膜吸附浓度100 mg·L-1的Cu2+、Ni2+和Cd2+溶液,吸附容量分别为98.65、116.89和124.23 mg·g-1,且对重金属吸附无选择性.吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附动力学同时匹配准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型.热力学参数(ΔG、ΔH和ΔS)计算结果表明,CS/PVA纳米纤维膜对重金属离子的吸附是自发的吸热反应.     

Beijing's Water Resources: Challenges and Solutions

Beijing's local water resources have been overexploited and the ecological and environmental pressures exceed the carrying capacity of this densely populated megacity. This article examines the current status of Beijing's water resources with respect to its industrial, residential, and eco‐environmental water usage and the challenges it may face in the near future. The article describes the context of water uses, the steps taken by Beijing to alleviate the water shortage problems, and challenges to Beijing's abilities to meet its urgent and future water needs. A multipronged strategy is proposed that aims at both the present problems and the anticipated future challenges. In particular, engineering and institutional approaches for Beijing's successful transition from overexploitation to sustainable utilization of water resources are explained. Actions include reasonable water utilization, water conservation, reclaimed wastewater, and importing water from neighboring areas. We conclude that Beijing must take additional steps in water resource management to ensure its sustainable development that involves continued urbanization sprawls and population growth. Future water resource management strategies should focus on strengthening water demand management through water conservation, efficient interbasin water transfers, use of nontraditional water resources, strategically reserving water supply, and promoting rehabilitation of the eco‐environments.     

气质联用技术测定扎龙底泥中多氯联苯

采用液液萃取和固相萃取前处理方法与气相色谱—质谱联用技术相结合对扎龙底泥中7种多氯联苯进行测定。该方法操作简便、快速、重现性好、精密度高、检出限低,结果令人满意。     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism

To evaluate decolorization and detoxification of Azure B dye by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MZS10 strain, the cultivation medium and decolorization mechanism of the isolate were investigated. The decolorization was discovered to be dependent on cell density of the isolate and reached 93.55%(0.04 g/L) after 14 hr of cultivation in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter at 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 6.0 g/L soluble starch and a small amount of mineral salts. The decolorization metabolites were identified with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(UPLC-MS). A mechanism for decolorization of Azure B was proposed as follows: the C=N in Azure B was initially reduced to –NH by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-dependent quinone dehydrogenase, and then the –NH further combined with –OH derived from glucose to form a stable and colorless compound through a dehydration reaction. The phytotoxicity was evaluated for both Azure B and its related derivatives produced by Bacillus sp. MZS10 decolorization, indicating that the decolorization metabolites were less toxic than original dye. The decolorization efficiency and mechanism shown by Bacillus sp. MZS10 provided insight on its potential application for the bioremediation of the dye Azure B.     

Removal of phenol from aqueous solution by adsorption onto OTMAC-modified attapulgite

The potential of octodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTMAC)-modified attapulgite (AT) for phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions was studied. The comparison of natural AT and modified AT showed that it is possible to utilize the sonication-modified OTMAC-AT in the treatment of phenol-contaminated wastewaters. Batch sorption studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of contact time, shaking frequency, temperature and the amount of AT. The results showed that in a lab-scale reactor, at room temperature, with an amount of the modified AT added (2.5 g), and a shaking frequency of 140 rev/min, the adsorption rate of phenol could be 60.4% for a duration of 60 min. The sorption kinetics were described by a pseudo-second-order model, and the values of k and q(e) were 1.367 mg/ig min and 0.7901 ig/mg, respectively. The analysis of equilibrium data showed that the Freundlich isotherms were found to be applicable for the adsorption equilibrium data. K and 1/n were estimated to be 14.53 and 0.8438, respectively.     

以pH和ORP作为脉冲SBR工艺的实时控制参数

为了实现脉冲SBR深度脱氮的实时控制,以某污水处理厂市政污水为处理对象,考察了脉冲SBR在深度脱氮过程中pH及ORP的变化规律.试验结果表明,pH及ORP的变化规律与脉冲SBR有机物去除、硝化与反硝化过程存在较好的相关关系.可以根据pH和ORP变化曲线上的特征点对脉冲SBR进行实时控制.并考察了污水C/N(COD/NH4 -N)对pH及ORP的变化规律的影响.在硝化过程中,C/N对pH及ORP曲线变化点的出现没有影响;在反硝化过程中,应结合pH值"硝酸盐峰"和ORP"硝酸盐膝"来判断低C/N污水反硝化的终点.在该试验中,出水TN低于2 mg/L,TN去除率可达到96%以上.     

Attack vulnerability of self-organizing networks

There are several self-organizing networks in the real world, and these networks severely affect the development of the modern society. This paper investigates the vulnerability of self-organizing networks subject to malicious attacks according to a new framework. Assuming the initial load of node i as L_i=αk_i+(1-α)∑_j∈Γik_j with k_i and Γ_i being the degree and the set of neighbor nodes of the node i, where α is a tunable parameter and control the strength of the initial loads of nodes. The node with the maximum degree is considered as the attacked node, and with the changes of the parameter α, cascading failures will be investigated in this paper. Local redistribution rule has been adopted to study the cascading breakdowns of the US power grid and IEEE-118 networks. Additionally, the capacity of the node i is defined as C_i = (1 + β)L_i, the critical threshold β_c of the US power grid and IEEE-118 networks will be obtained from the evolutional process of cascading failures. Finally, an optimal design of US power grid network is given in this paper.