Characteristics of lead geochemistry and the mobility of Pb isotopes in the system of pedogenic rock–pedosphere–irrigated riverwater–cereal–atmosphere from the Yangtze River delta region,China

Knowledge of the characteristics of Pb and its isotopic transfer in different compartments is scant, especially for the mobility of Pb isotopes in the geochemical cycle. The present study characterizes differential Pb transport mechanism and the mobility of Pb isotopes in the pedogenic parent rock–pedosphere–irrigated riverwater–cereal–atmosphere system in the Yangtze River delta region, by determining Pb concentration and Pb isotopic ratios of pedogenic parent rocks, fluvial suspended particle matter, tillage soils, soil profiles, irrigated riverwater, fertilizer, Pb ore, cereal roots and grains. The results show that Pb isotopes in the geochemical cycle generally follow the equation of ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb = −1.157 × ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb + 3.46 (r² = 0.941). However, Pb isotopes have different mobility in different environmental matrixes. Whereas in the pedosphere, the heavier Pb (²⁰⁸Pb) usually shows stronger mobility relative to the lighter Pb, and is more likely to transfer into soil exchangeable Pb fraction and carbonates phase. The lighter Pb shows stronger transfer ability from soil to cereal grain via root compared to the heavier Pb. However, the cereal grains have lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and higher ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios than root and tillage soil, similar to the airborne Pb and anthropogenic Pb, implying that a considerable amount of Pb in cereal grains comes from the atmosphere. The estimate model shows that 16.7–52.6% (average: 33.5%) of Pb in rice grain is the airborne Pb.     

基于人工神经网络和遗传算法研究锰过氧化酶脱色甲基橙

基于锰过氧化物酶(MnP)氧化脱色偶氮类染料的原理,实验研究MnP对甲基橙的脱色工艺,采用人工神经网络(ANN)和遗传算法(GA)建立脱色模型并优化工艺。建立的ANN模型的误差、相关系数、均方根误差和绝对平均偏差分别为0.0009、0.9971、1.21和6.82,模型有效且能够用于预测和工艺优化。采用GA对ANN模型进行数值寻优,得到的最佳工艺条件为酶液量0.6 mL,Mn2+浓度4 mmol/L,H2O2浓度0.49 mmol/L。该条件下脱色率达到(90.74±0.59)%。ANN耦合GA有效地建立了锰过氧化物酶脱色甲基橙的模型,并优化了工艺参数,为甲基橙脱色的研究提供一定参考。     

基于Malmquist指数的工业污染治理投入效率分析

本文基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法对我国30个省(市、自治区)的工业污染治理投入效率进行分析。研究结果表明:2006—2014年全国工业污染治理投入全要素生产率平均下降1.9%,其中,11个省市、自治区(占比36.6%)出现了全要素生产率的改善,19个省市、自治区(占比63.3%)出现了下降,下降幅度最大的省市为上海市;从分解指数来看,技术效率指数增长4%,技术进步指数下降2.3%,即全要素生产率下降的主要原因是技术进步的不足;从区域角度来看,东、中西部的全要素生产率指数分别为0.960、0.961和1.025,受规模低的影响,东、中部地区的工业污染治理效率低于西部地区;从时间维度来看,除2008—2011年工业污染治理投资全要素生产率有一定程度的改善外,其他年份的全要素生产率提升不明显,尤其是2011年以来,受技术进步不足影响,全要素生产率逐年下降。基于实证分析,本文从推动企业生产技术创新和污染治理技术创新、正向激励与反向约束并施一同促进工业企业加大污染治理投入、鼓励企业采用环境污染第三方治理方式治污等方面提出政策建议。     

青岛大气气溶胶中游离氨基化合物的浓度、组成和来源

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶中一类重要的有机氮化合物,由于其具有吸湿性,且沉降入海后可被海洋浮游生物直接利用,因此,可能在大气化学方面和海洋生态系统中具有重要作用.基于此,本研究利用2007年6月至2008年5月在青岛采集的55个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中游离氨基化合物(FAC)的浓度.结果表明,气溶胶中总FAC浓度为0.14~8.33 nmol·m^-3,其中,精氨酸、甲胺和丙氨酸的贡献最大.不同季节FAC的组成不同,精氨酸在夏、秋季节对FAC的贡献高于冬、春季节,甲胺的相对贡献则在夏季较低,而冬、春季较高.采样期间气团来源和天气状况的不同会影响气溶胶中FAC的浓度和组成.FAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中的浓度最低,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总FAC的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方陆源气溶胶中最低.雾天和烟霾时气溶胶中FAC的浓度分别为晴天时的2.5倍和1.8倍,沙尘天气时FAC浓度与晴天时基本相当,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总FAC的贡献在晴天和雨后相对较高,在烟霾和雾天时相对较低.     

迪那2气田液化气无水冷却工艺研究

迪那2气田液化气生产设计采用空冷加水冷工艺,存在能耗大和水冷器易腐蚀结垢等安全隐患。利用HYSYS软件对迪那2气田轻烃回收工艺进行分析,并增设液化气后冷器,利用脱乙烷塔气相对液化气进行冷却,通过醇烃液分离压力、后冷器及空冷器冷却能力等参数的模拟计算和优化,将醇烃液三相分离器压力由常规的2.5MPa提高至5MPa,取消醇烃液导热油加热和液化气水冷,降低了装置能耗,年节水1.44×104m3,节电1.45×105 kW.h,杜绝了水冷器腐蚀穿孔的安全隐患,最终提出了醇烃液高压分离+空冷器+后冷器的液化气无水冷却工艺。     

壳聚糖交联沸石小球对Cu2+、Ni2+及Cd2+的吸附特性

以壳聚糖和人造沸石为原料,采用滴加成球法制备了一种新型重金属吸附剂——壳聚糖交联沸石小球,通过吸附实验考察了pH值、时间及重金属离子浓度对吸附Cu2+、Ni2+、Cd2+的影响.结果表明,制得的壳聚糖交联沸石小球的平均粒径为3.2 mm,密度为1.08 g·cm-3,含水率为80％.在pH=5、温度25℃条件下,壳聚糖...     

活性炭吸附和脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气

根据滑动弧放电等离子体适于降解高浓度有机物废气的特性,结合活性炭吸附法,提出了吸附器的吸附浓缩和热脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气技术。实际运行结果表明:对于处理低浓度、大风量的有机废气,该技术与其他技术相比具有净化效率高、二次污染小和节省能耗等优点。     

新型静电布袋除尘技术研究

提出了一种新的静电布袋混合式除尘器 ,并通过试验和理论分析 ,进行了原理性研究。研究结果表明 ,这种带高压静电的布袋除尘器组合了静电除尘和滤袋除尘 2种技术 ,在布袋与极板间形成了很强的静电场 ,,使荷电粉尘无法靠近滤袋而向极板沉积 ,过滤速度大为提高 ,阻力系数是各种过滤方式中最小的。新的静电布袋除尘器的经济性将优于现在的电除尘器、布袋除尘器和组合式除尘器。     

Effect of temperature and oxygen on the formation of chlorobenzene as the indicator of PCDD/Fs

Sampling and analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) are both time-consuming and expensive. In principle,real-time monitoring of chlorobenzene(CBz) as an indicator for PCDD/Fs could be useful to control and optimize incinerator operating conditions.To test this strategy,CBz was analyzed together with PCDD/Fs in flue gas samples collected from a hospital waste incinerator.Moreover,lab experiments were conducted to investigate the eect of temperature and oxygen on CBz formation from fly ash from the same incinerator.The experimental results demonstrate that chlorobenzene(in particular PeCBz) correlate well with PCDD/Fs,in line with previous research.The optimum temperature of CBz formation is in a range of 350 to 400°C and CBz yield increases significantly with oxygen,in line with PCDD/Fs formation.This study is useful for confirming the de novo mechanism and defining correlations between CBz and PCDD/Fs.