燃气管道泄漏检测技术探讨

本文主要介绍了目前国内外燃气管道泄漏的主要检测方法,指出了各种检测方法的优缺点及适用条件.     

AERMOD模式在大气环境影响评价中的实例研究

文章以某燃气热电项目大气影响预测为例展开建设项目工程实例研究,展示了大气预测情景模式、预测网格点的设置和相应地形和气象等参数的选取,从科学性、工程性、可操作性等多方面考虑,提出了在实际预测工作中应注意的问题以及参数选取的技巧和方法。为大气影响评价的研究和实践工作提供参考和借鉴作用,为今后深入开展大气影响预测评价工作提供思路和启迪。     

雪玉洞表土有机氯农药的分布及来源研究

为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在重庆丰都雪玉洞表土中的水平分布趋势、组成特征和来源,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了10个代表性表层土样中18种OCPs.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中18种OCPs除o,p'-DDD、ε-HCH、艾氏剂和狄氏剂外均有不同程度的检出,其中,HCH、DDT、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的检出率高达100%,是主要的污染物.土壤中总有机氯农药的含量范围为1.24~750.56 ng·g^-1,平均值为79.57 ng·g^-1.DDTs和HCHs可能分别来自于工业DDTs和林丹的非法使用,并且近期可能有新的输入.通过相关分析得出,研究区10个采样点有机氯农药基本具有相同的来源,并且土壤有机碳是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素.对比中国的土壤质量标准(GB15618-95)发现,研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留均处于较低水平.由于岩溶地区地表土层厚度分布不连续,且地下岩溶形态较为发育,有机氯农药可能通过裂隙或落水洞进入地下河系统,对洞穴滴水和地下河水造成潜在的污染风险.     

微波在线消解在环境样品分析中的应用及进展

微波在线消解技术是一种新颖的、有前途的样品预处理技术,跟其他消解技术比较,具有操作简单、快速、使用安全、空白值小、容易实现全自动化等优点。本研究对其在环境样品消解中的应用及最新进展进行了评述。     

基于物元可拓的熵值泥石流危险性评价

通过选取能够反映和体现泥石流危险性的8项重要参数指标作为泥石流危险性评价指标,运用物元可拓理论和熵值确定权重法,建立泥石流危险性评价的物元可拓模型。应用建立的物元可拓模型,对舟曲县15条典型泥石流沟的危险性进行评价,得到的评价结果与实际情况相符合,同时也说明基于物元可拓的熵值法能较真实地反映实际泥石流沟的危险性等级,证明该方法应用于泥石流危险性评价的有效性和可行性。     

环渤海地区地面沉降成因分析与对策研究

地面沉降是环渤海地区主要环境地质灾害之一。发生面积广泛、沉降速率显著加快是本区这一灾害的两大突出特点。本文阐述了地面沉降对经济建设的危害 ,对其形成原因进行了探讨 ,并提出了相应对策     

Sorption of uranyl ions on TiO2: Effects of pH, contact time, ionic strength, temperature and HA

Sorption of U(VI) onto TiO₂ as functions of pH, ionic strength, contact time, soil humic acid (SHA), solid-to-liquid ratio and temperature was studied under ambient conditions using batch and spectroscopic approaches. The sorption of U(VI) on TiO₂ was significantly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The presence of SHA slightly enhanced the sorption of U(VI) on TiO₂ below pH 4.0, while it inhibited U(VI) sorption in the higher pH range. U(VI) sorption on TiO₂ was favored at high temperatures, and the sorption process was estimated to be endothermic and spontaneous. Reduction of U(VI) to lower valent species was confirmed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis. It is very interesting to find that U(VI) sorption on TiO₂ was promoted in solutions with higher back-ground electrolyte concentrations. In the presence of U(VI), higher back-ground electrolyte made more TiO₂ particles aggregate through (001) facets, leading more (101) facets to be exposed. Therefore, the reduction of U(VI) was enhanced by the exposed (101) facets and more U(VI) removal was observed.     

Coupled biodegradation of p-nitrophenol and p-aminophenol in bioelectrochemical system: Mechanism and microbial functional diversity

Biodegradation mechanisms and microbial functional diversity during coupled p-nitrophenol (PNP) and p-aminophenol (PAP) degradation were studied in a bioelectrochemical system. PNP in the biocathode and PAP in the bioanode were almost completely removed within 28hr and 68hr respectively. The degradation followed the steps including hydrating hydroxyalkylation, dehydrogenating carbonylation, and hydrolating ring cleavage, etc. Metagemomic analysis based on the KEGG and eggNOG database annotations revealed the microbial composition and functional genes/enzymes related to phenol degradation in the system. The predominant bacteria genera were Lautropia, Pandoraea, Thiobacillus, Ignavibacterium, Truepera and Hyphomicrobium. The recognized biodegradation genes/enzymes related to pollutant degradation were as follows: pmo, hbd, & ppo for phenol degradation, nzba, amie, & badh for aromatic degradation, and CYP & p450 for xenobiotics degradation, etc. The co-occurrence of ARGs (antibiotic resistant genes), such as adeF, MexJ, ErmF, PDC-93 and Escherichia_coli_mdfA, etc., were annotated in CARD database during the biodegradation process. The Proteobacteria & Actinobacteria phylum was the primary host of both the biodegradation genes & ARGs in this system. The microbial functional diversity ensured the effective biodegradation of the phenol pollutants in the bioelectrochemical system.     

氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移和消长

运用同位素示踪技术研究了氚水在模拟海水生态系统中的积累、迁移等特性。试验期间，海水中氚的含量随时间逐渐减少。底质对吸湿性水氚的积累呈递增趋势，而对结晶水氚没有明显的积累。自由水氚是氚水在缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢体内的主要存在形式，结合态氚在这两种海洋生物中的含量均很低。缢蛏和中华乌塘鳢对氚水的富集系数均小于1，说明它们对氚水都没有明显的富集效应。     

我国荒漠化灾害综述

我国荒漠化灾害十分严重,每年仅风蚀荒漠化损失土地2460km2。荒漠化蚕食可利用土地,减少生物生产量和生物多样性,破坏工矿和水利设施及农牧业生产,污染环境,制约地区经济发展,导致人民生活贫困。荒漠化每年造成经济损失540多亿元,防治荒漠化刻不容缓。