晋西黄土高原水资源植被承载力分析及对策建议

干旱缺水始终是黄土高原地区林业水资源管理面临的难题. 为了探究造成黄土高原地区林水失衡的主要原因,以2009—2012年晋西黄土高原蔡家川流域油松人工林树干液流量与土壤水分长期连续定位观测数据为基础,采用土壤有效水与单株油松耗水量的比值来衡量该区域水资源植被承载力. 结果表明:①在油松人工林实际密度(1 300株/hm2)下,油松人工林过度耗水是深层土壤干化的主要原因;降水量是决定水资源植被承载力的主要环境因子,降水量越大,油松人工林地的水资源植被承载力就越高. ②根据构建的降水量-水资源植被承载力拟合方程,在当地年均降水量为576 mm条件下,研究区20 a林龄油松人工林地水资源植被承载力为1 084株/hm2,而油松人工林地的实际密度远大于该水资源植被承载力. 在黄土高原地区,人工林密度过高是造成深层土壤干化、植被退化等生态恶化的主要原因. 因此,将人工林密度控制在当地水资源植被承载力范围之内,是减少林地深层土壤水分消耗、调节林地水平衡的重要措施.      

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数(0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1)对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999(P<0.01)和0.995(P<0.01),根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998(P<0.01)和0.987(P<0.05);Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

炼油厂轻污染水回用试验研究

针对某炼油厂轻污染废水水质情况,选用了BAF(生物曝气滤池)工艺+SF(砂滤)工艺对该废水进行净化处理。通过试验研究,得到了BAF工艺合适的运行参数,取得了满意的试验结果。经BAF工艺处理后,出水COD和油平均浓度分别为9.78mg/L和0.24mg/L,再经SF工艺进一步去除SS后,出水SS平均浓度为3.8mg/L,系统处理出水完全达到工业回用水水质要求。试验证明:BAF工艺是一种高效的处理方法,适合炼油厂轻污染水的净化处理。     

基于VBA的电网调度数据综合管理平台的开发

为提高电力生产各类报表报送的正确率和及时性,基于 VBA(Visual Basic for Appli-cations)语言开发了“调度数据综合管理平台”,实现各类报表的自动生成,解决电网调度员在报表填报中易产生的数据填报错误、报表上报延误、与电网调度业务互相干扰等问题。应用结果表明:“调度数据综合管理平台”有效提高了数据报送的正确率和及时性,为国网宁夏电力公司顺利完成国家电网公司同业对标指标奠定了良好基础。     

Studies of Thermal Transformations of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils I. Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Temperature-programmed pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to monitor structural changes of humic and fulvic acids isolated from soils in China, in the temperature range of 25-550°C. in this work, we found that decarboxylation is obvious as the main reaction with dehydration reaction from 150°C to 400°C, the anhydride can be identified from FT-IR spectra at temperature range from 200°C to 400°C; there are evident changes of the aromatic nucleus of humic and fulvic acids above 400°C, even remaining up to 550°C. Besides, some changes of adsorption water can be distinguished before 200°C, and the mass signal of sulphur dioxide was detected.     

Response of ecological storage and conservation to land use transformation: A case study of a mining town in China

Rapid land use transformation shaped by agriculture, industrialization and population urbanization has a great influence on ecological environment. Based on theory of ecosystem service functions, this study aims at revealing the response of ecological storage and conservation to each unit area of land use transformation. Taking Cishan Town, a mining town in China, as a case study, this paper estimates the “past-present-future” ecological storage impacted by the process, result and possibility of land use transformation. The local land use and industrial distribution show that the active areas of land use transformation are also the areas of concentration of human (industrial) activities. Ecological storage shows the different responses to land use ways. And then this study combines the ecological storage indices with the indices of ecosystem pattern and land condition into the“5A” framework (active state, active degree, active possibility, active balance and active condition) for grading ecological conservation, and then assigns all regions of Cishan Town into different grades through membership functions for complex mapping of ecological conservation. The research results show that the ecological conservation in Cishan goes toward two extreme grades (best grade and worst grade). Uneven and unbalanced land use transformation is the main cause of that. Hence, rational and timely reflection of impact of land use transformation on ecological storage and conservation can assist land use planners and local government in adjusting land use ways and balancing regional ecology and economy.     

Effect of traffic restriction on atmospheric particle concentrations and their size distributions in urban Lanzhou, Northwestern China

During the 2012 Lanzhou International Marathon, the local government made a significant effort to improve traffic conditions and air quality by implementing traffic restriction measures. To evaluate the direct effect of these measures on urban air quality, especially particle concentrations and their size distributions, atmospheric particle size distributions(0.5–20 μm) obtained using an aerodynamic particle sizer(model 3321, TSI, USA) in June 2012 were analyzed. It was found that the particle number, surface area and volume concentrations for size range 0.5–10 μm were(15.0±2.1) cm-3,(11.8±2.6) μm2/cm3and(1.9±0.6) μm2/cm3, respectively, on the traffic-restricted day(Sunday), which is 63.2%, 53.0% and 47.2% lower than those on a normal Sunday. For number and surface area concentrations, the most affected size range was 0.5–0.7 and 0.5–0.8 μm, respectively, while for volume concentration, the most affected size ranges were 0.5–0.8, 1.7–2.0 and 5.0–5.4 μm. Number and volume concentrations of particles in size range 0.5–1.0 μm correlated well with the number of non-CNG(Compressed Natural Gas) powered vehicles, while their correlation with the number of CNG-powered vehicles was very low, suggesting that reasonable urban traffic controls along with vehicle technology improvements could play an important role in improving urban air quality.     

平顶山市生态服务功能重要性评价研究

文章根据平顶山市自然环境条件,按照生态服务功能重要性评价的方法,建立了平顶山市生态敏感性评价指标体系,选取生物多样性维持与保护、洪水调蓄、水源涵养和生态系统产品提供等因子对平顶山市生态系统服务功能重要性进行了综合评价,依据评价结果将平顶山市划分为西部山地森林生态区、北部丘陵生态功能区、中部平原农田城镇生态区和南部丘陵森林城镇生态区等四个生态服务功能区。     

智能石墨消解-ICP/MS测定土壤中的10种金属元素研究

使用智能石墨消解对土壤样品进行前处理,ICP/MS测定土壤中的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Pb等10种金属元素含量。实验表明,智能石墨消解能将土壤样品消解完全,ICP-MS测定土壤标准样品结果均在保证值范围内、相对标准偏差在0.5%~4.6%之间,具有较好的精密度。该方法安全性高、污染少、操作简单、实现了智能化,适合大批量样品同时测定。     

超声-电凝聚除磷技术及动力学分析

采用超声辅助电凝聚技术处理含磷废水,研究该技术的可行性及其特点.通过对比实验表明,在相同实验条件下,超声辅助电凝聚除磷效率比磁力搅拌电凝聚除磷效率高18.40%.进行L16(44)四水平四因素正交优化试验,结果表明,超声-电凝聚除磷的影响因素主次关系依次为pH、磷初始浓度、电混凝时间、电极间距.在最优组合工艺条件下,即电极间距为2cm,pH为7,电混凝时间为3min,磷初始浓度为10mg·L-1,磷的去除率达到99.60%.初步分析了超声-电凝聚除磷的机理以及超声在电凝聚除磷过程中的作用.动力学分析表明,超声-电凝聚除磷符合零级反应动力学规律.能耗估算表明,超声-电凝聚技术除磷的单位磷能耗明显低于磁力搅拌电凝聚除磷的单位磷能耗.