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71.
Halihan T Paxton S Graham I Fenstemaker T Riley M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(4):283-287
Present understanding of the earth's subsurface is most often derived from samples at discrete points (wells) and interpolations or models that interpret the space between these points. Electrical resistivity imaging techniques have produced an improved capability to map contaminants (especially NAPLs--NonAqueous Phase Liquids) away from traditional wells using actual field data. Electrical resistivity image data, confirmed by drilling, have demonstrated that LNAPL (Light NAPL--less dense than water, such as gasoline) contaminants exist outside of a delineated and remediated area in Golden, Oklahoma. The data also demonstrate that LNAPL exists between monitoring and remediation wells which indicate low contaminant levels when sampled. Additionally, the electrical images provided the drilling location with the highest concentration of hydrocarbon ever found on the site, even after two phases of remediation work had been performed, although the sampling protocols varied. The results indicate that current methods of post-remediation site characterization are inadequate for complete site characterization. 相似文献
72.
MacKenzie AB Cook GT Barth J Gulliver P McDonald P 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2004,6(5):441-447
The distribution of contaminant radionuclides from the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant was used to establish chronologies for three saltmarsh sediment cores from south west Scotland. delta(13)C and (14)C analyses indicated that the cores provided a useful archive record of variations in input of organic matter and carbonate. The results imply that prior to major releases of contaminant (14)C from Sellafield, the (14)C specific activity of organic matter in Irish Sea offshore sediments was about 24 Bq kg(-1) C, while that of the carbonate component was below the limit of detection. These results provide baseline data for modelling the uptake of contaminant (14)C by the Irish Sea sediment system. The study confirmed that small(13)C analyses provide a sensitive means of apportioning the origin of saltmarsh organic matter between C(3) terrigenous plants, C(4) terrigenous plants and suspended particulate marine organic matter. For the <2 mm fraction of sediment, a clear pattern of decreasing marine organic input was observed in response to increasing elevation of the marsh surface as a result of sediment accumulation. Bulk sediment, including detrital vegetation, had a dominant input from terrigenous plants. The combined use of delta(13)C and (14)C data revealed that organic matter in the marine organic component of the <2 mm fraction of contemporary surface sediments of the saltmarshes is dominated by recycled old organic material. 相似文献
73.
A large scale ecosystem restoration program was initiated in 1997 on the Pecos River in Western Texas. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), a non-native invasive tree, had created a near monoculture along the banks of the river by replacing most native vegetation. Local irrigation districts, private landowners, federal and state agencies, and private industry worked together to formulate and implement a restoration plan, with a goal of reducing the effects of saltcedar and restoring the native ecosystem of the river. An initial management phase utilizing state-of-the-art aerial application of herbicide began in 1999 and continued through 2003. Initial mortality of saltcedar averaged about 85-90%. Monitoring efforts were initiated at the onset of the project to include evaluating the effects of saltcedar control on salinity of the river water, efficiency of water delivery down the river as an irrigation water source, and estimates of water salvage. To date, no effect on salinity can be measured and irrigation delivery was suspended in 2002-2003 due to drought conditions. Water salvage estimates show a significant reduction in system water loss after saltcedar treatment. However, a flow increase in the river is not yet evident. Monitoring efforts will continue in subsequent years. 相似文献
74.
To date seagrass monitoring has involved the removal of seagrass from its environment. In fragile or highly disturbed systems, monitoring using destructive techniques may interfere with the environment or add to the burden of disturbance. Video photography is a form of non-destructive monitoring that does not require the removal of seagrass or interference with the environment and has the potential to be a valuable tool in monitoring seagrass systems. This study investigated the efficacy of video photography as a tool for detecting change in seagrass cover, using the temperate Australian species Amphibolis antarctica (Labill.) Sonder ex Aschers. Using visual and random point estimates of seagrass cover from video footage, it was possible to determine the minimum sample size (number of random video frames) needed to detect change in seagrass cover, the minimum detectable change in cover and the probability of the monitoring design committing a Type II error. Video footage was examined at three scales: transects (m apart), sites (km apart) and regions (tens of km apart). Using visual and random point estimation techniques, a minimum sample size of ten quadrats per transect was required to detect change in uniform and variable seagrass cover. With ten quadrats it was possible to identify a minimum detectable change in cover of 15% for uniform and 30% for variable seagrass cover. Power analysis was used to determine the probability of committing a Type II error from the data. Region level data had low power, corresponding to a high risk of committing a Type II error. Site and transect level data had high power corresponding to a low risk of committing a Type II error. Based on this study's data, managers using video to monitor for change in seagrass cover are advised to use data from the smaller scale, for example, site and transect level data. By using data from the smaller scale, managers will have a low risk of incorrectly concluding there has not been a disturbance when one has actually occurred. 相似文献
75.
Ashley JT Bushaw-Newton K Wilhelm M Boettner A Drames G Velinsky DJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,114(1-3):287-312
With increasing concern over degradation of aquatic resources, issues of liability, and maintenance costs, removal of small dams has become increasing popular. Although the benefits of removal seem to outweigh the drawbacks, there is a relative paucity of studies documenting the extent and magnitude of biological and chemical changes associated with dam removal, especially those evaluating potential changes in contaminant inventories. In August and November of 2000, a run-of-the-river dam on Manatawny Creek (southeast Pennsylvania) was removed in a two-stage process. To assess the effects of dam removal on the contaminant redistribution within the creek, sedimentary concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were evaluated prior to and several months after removal. Pre- and post-removal analyses revealed elevated and spatially variable concentrations of total PAHs (ranging from approximately 200 to 81,000 ng(g dry weight) and low to moderate concentrations of trace metals and PCBs. The concentrations of these sedimentary contaminants pre- versus post-removal were not significantly different. Additionally, though the impoundment received storm water run-off and associated contaminants from the adjacent city of Pottstown, the total inventory of fine-grain sediments in the impoundment prior to removal was very low. The removal of the low-level Manatawny Creek dam did not significantly redistribute contaminants downstream. However, each dam removal should be assessed on a case by case basis where the potential of sedimentary contaminant redistribution upon dam removal exists. 相似文献
76.
Mariale Moreno Richard Court Matt Wright 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2019,12(2):77-94
The linear production of consumer goods is characterised by mass manufacture by multinational enterprises and globally dispersed supply chains. The current centralised model has created a distance between the manufacturer and end user, limiting the opportunity for intelligent circular approaches for production and consumption. Through a mixed method approach, opportunities of circularity are explored for the consumer goods sector. The study presents four lenses to analyse three enterprises through a multi-case study approach to explore the potential of digital intelligence and redistributed manufacturing (RDM) as enablers of circular business models. In addition, the study examines whether Discrete Event Simulation can be used to evaluate the circular scenarios identified through quantifying flows of material that determine traditional economic value (cost/tonne). The mixed method approach demonstrates that, a qualitative systemic analysis can reveal opportunities for circularity, gained through implementing ‘digital intelligence’ and distributed models of production and consumption. Furthermore, simulations can provide a quantified evaluation on the effects of introducing circular activities across a supply chain. 相似文献
77.
Gavin McDonald Molly Wilson Diogo Veríssimo Rebecca Twohey Michaela Clemence Dean Apistar Stephen Box Paul Butler Fel Cesar Cadiz Stuart J. Campbell Courtney Cox Micah Effron Steve Gaines Raymond Jakub Roquelito H. Mancao Pablo T. Rojas Rocky Sanchez Tirona Gabriel Vianna 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1176-1189
Small-scale fisheries are an important livelihood and primary protein source for coastal communities in many of the poorest regions in the world, yet many are overfished and thus require effective and scalable management solutions. Positive ecological and socioeconomic responses to management typically lag behind immediate costs borne by fishers from fishing pressure reductions necessary for fisheries recovery. These short-term costs challenge the long-term success of these interventions. However, social marketing may increase perceptions of management benefits before ecological and socioeconomic benefits are fully realized, driving new social norms and ultimately long-term sustainable behavior change. By conducting underwater visual surveys to quantify ecological conditions and by conducting household surveys with community members to quantify their perceptions of management support and socioeconomic conditions, we assessed the impact of a standardized small-scale fisheries management intervention that was implemented across 41 sites in Brazil, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The intervention combines TURF reserves (community-based territorial use rights for fishing coupled with no-take marine reserves) with locally tailored social-marketing behavior change campaigns. Leveraging data across 22 indicators and 4 survey types, along with data from 3 control sites, we found that ecological and socioeconomic impacts varied and that communities supported the intervention and were already changing their fishing practices. These results suggest that communities were developing new social norms and fishing more sustainably before long-term ecological and socioeconomic benefits of fisheries management materialized. 相似文献
78.
Yazvenko SB McDonald TL Blokhin SA Johnson SR Melton HR Newcomer MW Nielson R Wainwright PW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):93-106
Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf
off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium conducted a 3-D
seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary feeding area of the
endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located in the vicinity of the seismic survey. This paper presents data to assess whether western gray whale bottom feeding
activity, as indicated by visible mud plumes, was affected by seismic operations. The mitigation and monitoring program associated
with the seismic survey included aerial surveys during 19 July–19 November 2001. These aerial surveys documented the local
and regional distribution, abundance, and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales. Data on gray whale feeding activity
before, during and after the seismic survey were collected, with the whales assumed to be feeding on the benthos if mud plumes
were observed on the surface. The data were used to assess the influence of seismic survey and other factors (including environmental)
on feeding activity of western gray whales. A stepwise multiple regression analysis failed to find a statistically significant
effect (α = 0.05) of the seismic survey on frequency of occurrence of mud plumes of western gray whales used as a proxy to evaluate
bottom feeding activity in Piltun feeding area. The regression indicated that transect number (a proxy for water depth, related
to distance from shore) and swell height (a proxy for sea state) were the only variables that had a significant effect on
frequency of whale mud plumes. It is concluded that the 2001 seismic survey had no measurable effect (α = 0.05) on bottom feeding activity of western gray whales off Sakhalin Island.
M.W. Newcomer, deceased 相似文献
79.
Yazvenko SB McDonald TL Blokhin SA Johnson SR Meier SK Melton HR Newcomer MW Nielson RM Vladimirov VL Wainwright PW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):45-73
Exxon Neftegas Limited, operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf
off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG), on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, conducted a 3-D
seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary known feeding area of
the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located adjacent to the seismic block. The data presented here were collected as part of daily monitoring to determine
if there was any measurable effect of the seismic survey on the distribution and abundance of western gray whales. Mitigation
and monitoring program included aerial surveys conducted between 19 July and 19 November using the methodology outlined by
the Southern California High Energy Seismic Survey team (HESS). These surveys provided documentation of the distribution,
abundance and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales in relation to seismic survey sounds. From an operations perspective,
the aerial surveys provided near real-time data on the location of whales in and outside the feeding area, and documented
whether whales were displaced out of an area normally used as feeding habitat. The objectives of this study were to assess
(a) temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of gray whales in relation to seismic survey, and (b) the influence
of seismic survey, environmental factors, and other variables on the distribution and abundance of gray whales within their
preferred feeding area adjacent to Piltun Bay. Multiple regression analysis revealed a limited redistribution of gray whales
southward within the Piltun feeding area when the seismic survey was fully operational. A total of five environmental and
other variables unrelated to seismic survey (date and proxies of depth, sea state and visibility) and one seismic survey-related
variable (seg3d, i.e., received sound energy accumulated over 3 days) had statistically significant effects on the distribution and abundance
of gray whales. The distribution of two to four gray whales observed on the surface (i.e., about five to ten whales in total)
has likely been affected by the seismic survey. However, the total number of gray whales observed within the Piltun feeding
area remained stable during the seismic survey.
M. W. Newcomer, Deceased. 相似文献
80.
Burger J Gochfeld M Jeitner C Gray M Shukla T Shukla S Burke S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):311-321
Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms,
including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized.
However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how
contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury
and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are
constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian
Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels
differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression
models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury,
and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability
were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese).
The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant
difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate
that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any
part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts.
In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year.
Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be
used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including
people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play
a role in a subsistence diets. 相似文献