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111.
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Udo Muster Tom Schilling Harald Schobesberger Hertha Luttenberger Rolf Marr Josef Draxler 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1997,9(1):25-32
Waste and process gases from thermal power and metallurgical plants or such products from alkali-chloride industries contain metallic, inorganic and organic mercury. Widespread processes applied to remove the greatest amount of mercury are absorption and adsorption. Caused by the lowering of the emission limit from 200 to 50 µg/m3 [STP] by national and European legislators, considerable efforts have been made to enhance the efficiency of the main separation units of flue gas cleaning plants by applying the appropriate technological measures. This article is focused on the removal of mercury from waste gases. The state of engineering is described, especially with regard to enhancing the efficiency of separation in the raw gas, in wet, dry and quasi-dry processes as well as in tail-end process units. Specially impregnated ceramic carriers can be used for the selective separation of metallic, inorganic and organic mercury. Amalgamation has been investigated as a possible separation mechanism both experimentally and in theory. Using the ceramic reactor, removal rates for gaseous mercury and its compounds can be achieved which are even lower than 50 µg/m3 [STP]. The technology, the separation mechanisms and the ecological advantages through the use of ceramic reactors are presented in the article as well. 相似文献
113.
Werner Brack Rolf Altenburger Falk Dorusch Andreas Hubert Monika Möder Peter Morgenstern Susanne Moschütz Sibylle Mothes Kristin Schirmer Rainer Wennrich Klaus -Dieter Wenzel Gerrit Schüürmann 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2002,14(4):213-220
In August 2002, highly contaminated areas in the region of Bitterfeld, e.g. the floodplain of the creek Spittelwasser, as well as the adjacent regions of Jeßnitz and Raguhn, were submerged by the river Mulde. An input of mobilized contaminated sediments in residential areas was the matter of concern. The objective of the present study was to estimate the pollutants load on the basis of chemical and biological data and identify the sources of pollutants. Deposited sludge and flood water samples were assessed on the basis of biological and chemical analyses and in comparison with administrative reference values. The pollution of the investigated sites was rather heterogeneous. At several sites, tolerance limits of the German Klärschlammverordnung or the Bundesbodenschutzverordnung were clearly exceeded, e.g. for Pb, As and HCH. Organic extracts exhibited significant effects in several biotests. This may be relevant with respect to direct particle uptake via ingestion or respiration. Pollution patterns for heavy metals as well as for organic pollutants differed significantly from the pattern found in the Spittelwasser flood plain before the inundation, which is in contrast to the initial hypothesis of a possible transport of contaminated Spittelwasser sediments into residential areas. Interestingly, a correlation of chemical load and the overall biological effect could be shown. From the viewpoint of the precautionary principle, the identification of the compounds exerting toxic effects and of the respective pollutant sources would be desirable. 相似文献
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Effects of Prairie Fragmentation on the Nest Success of Breeding Birds in the Midcontinental United States 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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Gudrun Fricke Jörg Hellhammer Andreas Klamt Jan Meerkamp van Embden Manfred Rose Birgit Sewekow Rolf Wittlinger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1995,7(5):275-279
The substituent chlorine is generally considered to be an agent which reduces the reactivity of organic molecules with regard to the indirect photodegradation by OH radicals. A systematic study of selected, representative classes of compounds, however, reveals that the deactivating influence of chlorine on the OH radical reactivity is actually rather moderate. In individual cases, for instance, chlorine substitution can even lead to an increase in this reactivity. This study is based on both experimental data and on the molecular orbital calculations of OH radical reactivity. 相似文献
119.
Effects of changes in climate on landscape and regional processes, and feedbacks to the climate system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Callaghan TV Björn LO Chernov Y Chapin T Christensen TR Huntley B Ims RA Johansson M Jolly D Jonasson S Matveyeva N Panikov N Oechel W Shaver G Schaphoff S Sitch S 《Ambio》2004,33(7):459-468
Biological and physical processes in the Arctic system operate at various temporal and spatial scales to impact large-scale feedbacks and interactions with the earth system. There are four main potential feedback mechanisms between the impacts of climate change on the Arctic and the global climate system: albedo, greenhouse gas emissions or uptake by ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions from methane hydrates, and increased freshwater fluxes that could affect the thermohaline circulation. All these feedbacks are controlled to some extent by changes in ecosystem distribution and character and particularly by large-scale movement of vegetation zones. Indications from a few, full annual measurements of CO2 fluxes are that currently the source areas exceed sink areas in geographical distribution. The little available information on CH4 sources indicates that emissions at the landscape level are of great importance for the total greenhouse balance of the circumpolar North. Energy and water balances of Arctic landscapes are also important feedback mechanisms in a changing climate. Increasing density and spatial expansion of vegetation will cause a lowering of the albedo and more energy to be absorbed on the ground. This effect is likely to exceed the negative feedback of increased C sequestration in greater primary productivity resulting from the displacements of areas of polar desert by tundra, and areas of tundra by forest. The degradation of permafrost has complex consequences for trace gas dynamics. In areas of discontinuous permafrost, warming, will lead to a complete loss of the permafrost. Depending on local hydrological conditions this may in turn lead to a wetting or drying of the environment with subsequent implications for greenhouse gas fluxes. Overall, the complex interactions between processes contributing to feedbacks, variability over time and space in these processes, and insufficient data have generated considerable uncertainties in estimating the net effects of climate change on terrestrial feedbacks to the climate system. This uncertainty applies to magnitude, and even direction of some of the feedbacks. 相似文献
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