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31.
Winfried Schröder Cordula Englert Roland Pesch Harald G. Zechmeister Lotti Thöni Ivan Suchara Blanka Maňkovská Zvonka Jeran Harry Harmens Krystyna Grodzinska Renate Alber 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2008,20(2):120-132
Goal and Scope
Several studies show that the concentration of metals in mosses depends not only on metal deposition but also on factors such as moss species, canopy drip, precipitation, altitude, distance to the sea and the analytical technique used. However, contrasting results have been reported and the interpretation of the spatial variability of the metal accumulation in mosses remains difficult. In the presented study existing monitoring data from the European Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys together with surface data on precipitation, elevation and land use are statistically analysed to assess factors other than emissions that have an influence on the metal accumulation in the mosses.Main Features
Inference statistics and Spearman correlation analysis were applied to examine the association of the metal accumulation and the distance of the monitoring sites to the sea as well as the altitude. Whether or not significant differences of the metal loads in the mosses exist at national borders was examined with help of the U-test after Mann and Whitney. In order to identify and rank the factors that are assumed to have an influence on the metal uptake of the mosses Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were applied.Results
No clear tendency could be derived from the results of the inference statistical calculations and the correlation analyses with regard to the distance of the monitoring site to the sea and the altitude. According to the results of the CART-analyses mainly the moss species, potential emission sources around the monitoring sites, canopy drip and precipitation have an effect on the metal bioaccumulation. Assuming that each participating country followed strictly the manual for sampling and sample preparation the results of the inference statistical calculations furthermore suggest that in most cases different techniques for digestion and analysis bias the measurements significantly.Discussion
For the first time a national monitoring data base consisting of measurement data and metadata as well as surface information on precipitation, land use and elevation was applied to examine influence factors on the metal bioaccumulation in mosses. The respective results mirror existing knowledge from other national studies to a large extend, although further analyses are necessary to affirm the findings. These analyses should include data from other national monitoring programmes and should additionally be carried out with other decision tree algorithms than CART.Conclusions
The local variability in the metal concentration in mosses can be uncovered in terms of predictors or underlying hidden causes by using CART. Ideally, such an approach should be applied across the whole of Europe. This will only be feasible if all participating countries provide additional information about site characteristics as currently is done in for example the German moss surveys.Recommendations
The UNECE Metals in Mosses Survey experimental protocol should be improved in order to reduce the observed influences, to enhance standardisation, and to strengthen the quality control. This implies the integration of sampling site describing metadata into the assessment. Furthermore, basis research is needed to test the hypothesis concerning moss species-specific accumulation of depositions.Perspectives
Provided that the presented results hold true in further analyses correction factors should be applied on the moss data in order to get the depicted spatial patterns and temporal trends of metal bioaccumulation unbiased. Such factors should be calculated for natural landscape units or ecoregions that are homogeneous with regard to climate, vegetation and altitude. 相似文献32.
Winfried Schröder Marcel Holy Roland Pesch Harald Zechmeister Harry Harmens Ilia Ilyin 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2011,23(1):1-14
Background
The vertical migration of phytoplankton was investigated in natural waters using in situ fluorescence profiling, chlorophyll a concentrations and life counts at two study sites differing in coloured dissolved organic matter (cDOM) concentrations. The data from the corresponding water depths (50-cm intervals down to 10 m) and times (hourly, before dawn to sunset, several days) were related to the highly resolved (2 nm) underwater ultraviolet radiation (UVR)/photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transparency (290 to 700 nm).Results
Chlorophyll a maxima of mainly motile dinoflagellates were observed in situ at all days and at both study sites (open marine, brackish waters), independent on prevailing weather conditions or cDOM concentrations. Phytoplankton migration was triggered solely by irradiance in the 400- to 700-nm wavelength range (PAR) at the particular water depth, irrespective of PAR/UVR ratios and surface UVR (290 to 400 nm), after an illumination period of about 40 min. Interestingly, the PAR tolerance levels of the phytoplankton, which have been lower in cDOM-rich waters, matched their light acclimation values determined by parallel PAM measurements.Conclusions
The response of the phytoplankton to PAR is not a sufficient protection strategy versus increasing UVR levels, which might have wide ecological implications beyond the level of primary producers to impact important ecosystem functions such as the delicate trophic interactions. 相似文献33.
Winfried Schröder 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2011,23(1):1-6
This report provides a brief review of the fourth joint meeting of the German Language Branch of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC GLB) and the Working Group "Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology" of the German Chemical Society (GDCh) held from 6th to 9th of September 2010 at the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) in Dessau-Rosslau (Germany). For the first time a governmental institution was responsible for the local organization, a novelty that was expressed in the meeting's main theme "From insight to decision (making)". 366 participants discussed 105 oral and 125 poster presentations and three invited key speakers from government, academia and industry. The best oral and poster presentations of the meeting were awarded. Moreover, the annual young scientist award of SETAC GLB for the best diploma and doctoral thesis and the best publication award of the GDCh-Working Group "Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology" were officially handed over. The reader of the meeting (mostly in German language) including the meeting program and all abstracts is for free available via: http://www.setac-glb.de 相似文献
34.
35.
36.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel Die Exposition gentechnisch ver?nderter Kulturpflanzen erfordert die Beobachtung ihrer Umweltwirkungen. Ziel der Beitragsserie
über die Beobachtung ?kologischer Wirkungen von GVO ist es, den hierzu erreichten Stand der Wissenschaft vorzustellen. Da
bei einem Bundesl?nder und ggf. europ?ische Staaten übergreifenden Monitoring besonders auf methodisch vergleichbare und r?umlich
aussagekr?ftige Daten zu achten ist, werden in diesem einführenden Beitrag wissenschaftstheoretische und statistische Grundlagen
des Monitoring sowie die Standardisierung der Beobachtungsverfahren behandelt.
Schwerpunkte Im Mittelpunkt stehen zun?chst ?kologische Anforderungen an das GVO-Monitoring. Um mit GVO ggf. zusammenh?ngende Umweltver?nderungen
ermitteln zu k?nnen, ist eine Eingliederung in bestehende Umweltbeobachtungsprogramme erforderlich. GVO-Exposition und-Wirkung
sind aufeinander bezogen über die Organisationsstufen ?kologischer Systeme hinweg zu erfassen. Ein effizientes und suffizientes
Monitoring bedarf eines wissenschaftstheoretisch und statistisch soliden Designs. Deshalb werden einem weiteren Schwerpunkt
dieses Beitrags wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen der Hypothesenbildung und-prüfung behandelt. Hierfür bedarf es Daten,
die mehreren, im Einzelnen behandelten Qualit?tskriterien entsprechen müssen. Eines dieser Kriterien ist die r?umliche und
zeitliche Verallgemeinerungsf?higkeit der Monitoring-Befunde, die in dem dritten Schwerpunkt des Beitrags dargestellt wird.
Schlussfolgerungen Für die Prüfung von Hypothesen über Umweltfolgen von GVO sind konsequent ?kosystemforschung und Monitoring eng miteinander
zu vernetzen. Denn sie erfüllen komplement?re Funktionen, die für das Monitoring der Umweltwirkungen von GVO von gro?er praktischer
und wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung sind.
Empfehlungen Das GVO-Monitoring sollte in bestehende Programme der ?kosystemforschung und der Umweltbeobachtung eingebettet werden und
die ?kologischen Organisationsstufen sowie GVO-Exposition und-Wirkung einschlie?en. Die Lokalisierung der Messorte sollte
die erwartete Exposition oder Wirkung berücksichtigen.
Perspektiven Weitere Beitr?ge dieser Serie werden die Messplanung, das Pollenmonitoring und die r?umliche Verallgemeinerung von Ergebnissen
standortspezifischer Messungen oder Modellierungen behandeln.
Environmental monitoring of ecological impacts of GMOs
Goal, Scope and Background The release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may result in ecological impacts to be monitored. This series presents the state-of-art concerning the environmental monitoring of ecological impacts of GMOs. Since this monitoring is conducted by several authorities, the methodical comparability and spatial validity of the monitoring data is crucial. Thus, the respective fundamentals of philosophy of science and of statistics as well as the methodical standardisation form the focus of this article. Main Features At first, the monitoring requirements will be described from the viewpoint of ecology. Consequently, the GMO monitoring needs to be integrated into existing programmes. Exposure and effects of GMOs have to be monitored across the hierarchy of ecological organisation. For monitoring to be efficient and sufficient, the design must be founded in terms of philosophy of science and statistics. Hence the fundamentals concerning the verification of hypotheses represent another feature of this article. The data used for the verification of hypotheses must comply with quality criteria. One of these criteria is the spatial and temporal extrapolation of the monitoring results, which is the third feature in this introductory article. Conclusions The evaluation of hypotheses on GMO impacts requires the linkage to ecosystems research and environmental monitoring. These both are, in terms of methodology, complementary and of significant technical and scientific value for GMO monitoring. Recommendations GMO-monitoring should closely be connected with ecosystems research and environmental monitoring. The levels of ecological organisation should be covered as well as the exposure and the effects of GMOs. The expected GMO exposure and effects should be considered by localising the monitoring sites. Perspectives Further articles of this series will deal with network designing, GMO pollen monitoring and extrapolation of site-specific measurements and modelling results.相似文献
37.
This article provides information about a Series dealing with Integrated environmental assessment’ (IEA). We describe the development and the structure of a ‘Graduiertenkolleg’ (interdisciplinary course of study) which has been established in two phases at the University of Kiel from 1996–2002. The central terms ‘integration’, ‘environment’, and ‘assessment’ are discussed. Here, we take a special look at the chances and problems of interdisciplinary cooperation and communication (ecosystem research, jurisprudence, economics, social sciences) with regard to the general subject of IEA as a subject of research and schooling. Finally, we give a short review about the articles in the series. 相似文献
38.
Winfried Schwarz und André Leisewitz 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1998,10(4):230-235
Zusammenfassung Die fluorierten Verbindungen Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6), perfluorierte Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (CF4, C2F6) und wasserstoffhaltige Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (H-FKW) z?hlen zu den atmosph?rischen Spurengasen mit extrem hohen Treibhauspotentialen.
Untersucht werden für Deutschland ihre realen Emissionen für 1990–1995, und Prognosen für die Jahre bis 2020 werden aufgestellt.
Diesen Prognosen zufolge vermindern sich die j?hrlichen Freisetzungen von CF4/C2F6 von 1990 bis 2000 von 335 t/34 t auf 100 t/10 t infolge Automatisierungsma?nahmen an der Hauptquelle (Aluminiumhütten). Die
Emissionen von SF6 bleiben dagegen bis 2020 im Schwankungsbereich zwischen 200 und 300 t j?hrlich. Hauptemittenten sind nicht elektrische Schaltanlagen,
da diese relativ dicht sind und über ein Entsorgungs-und Wiederaufarbeitungskonzept für gebrauchtes Gas verfügen, sondern
mit gro?em Abstand Autoreifen und Schallschutzscheiben. Bei den erst seit 1990 gezielt als FCKW-Nachfolger eingesetzten H-FKW
ist mit fortschreitender FCKW-Substitution in der station?ren und mobilen K?lte-und Klimatechnik, bei PU-Montageschaum und
Asthmasprays mit einer sprunghaften Zunahme der Emissionen bis auf über 9700 t/a ab dem Jahr 2007 zu rechnen, sofern sich
nicht halogenfreie Alternativen st?rker durchsetzen. Im Jahr 2020 werden bei Annahme dieser Trends die kumulierten Emissionen
der genannten fluorierten Verbindungen der Treibhauswirkung von 25 Mio. t CO2 entsprechen (GWP-Betrachtungszeitraum: 100 Jahre).
相似文献
39.
Loads of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn in litter from trees of representative roads in Kiel are analyzed by means of atom-absorption spectroscopy (Chapter 1). The heavy metal loads are far beyond relevant quality measures (Chapter 2). Consequently, the litter-compost could be used for horticulture and need not be stored, for instance, at waste deposits. No statistically significant correlations exists between the litter’s heavy metal loads and boundary conditions such as density of traffic, spatial structure of allocation of buldings, micro-climatic situation, tree species or allocation of streets within Kiel. 相似文献
40.