B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢性能评价探讨

磷化氢是粮食仓储企业使用效果最好的杀虫剂,是一种剧毒的气体熏蒸剂。所以对于从业人员来讲,安全防护就显得格外重要。长期以来粮食仓储企业一直使用自吸过滤式防毒面具(配套选用B类滤毒罐)为首选器材。近期业内对B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢的有效性提出质疑,为此,本文通过性能评价试验,说明B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢是有效的,并从理论上说明B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢是有科学依据的。     

我国36个重点城市饮用水中多环芳烃健康风险评价

分别用2种基于不确定性的风险评价方法(蒙特卡洛法和三角模糊数法)和1种基于确定性的风险评价方法(美国EPA终身致癌风险)对我国36个重点城市饮用水中多环芳烃的终生致癌风险进行评价。所研究的98个水厂出水中多环芳烃浓度范围为17.5~408.3 ng·L-1,致癌性多环芳烃(苯并[a]蒽,屈,苯并[b]荧蒽,苯并[k]荧蒽,苯并[a]芘,茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘)的总量浓度为nd~94.7 ng·L-1。所有水厂出水中苯并[a]芘浓度均小于10 ng·L-1。假设出厂水即为最终饮用水,对16种PAHs浓度用毒性当量因子法转化为相对于苯并[a]芘等效浓度(TEQ BaP)。使用概率风险评价方法计算,结果显示在95%的概率区间我国居民通过饮水途径暴露多环芳烃的终生致癌风险小于5.45×10-6(蒙特卡洛法)和7.56×10-6(三角模糊数法)。而采用确定性风险评价方法,计算得到的最大风险为7.12×10-6。两种计算方法得到的我国饮用水中多环芳烃的终生致癌风险都处于可接受水平。比较不同的评价方法后发现,不同方法获得的信息并不完全重合,相对于通常的基于确定性的非概率健康风险评价方法,基于不确定性的概率风险评价方法获得的结果更为保守。     

高危及重要客户供用电安全管理信息平台建设

针对电力系统高危及重要客户供用电的安全、规范化管理,结合实际情况,参考国网公司典型经验,进行了国网宁夏电力公司客户供用电安全管理信息平台开发建设,实现高危及重要客户供用电安全全过程管理。应用结果表明:客户供用电安全管理信息平台全面提高了公司客户安全管理水平,对构建安全和谐的供用电环境起到了积极的促进作用。     

Differences in the behavior characteristics between Daphnia magna and Japanese madaka in an on-line biomonitoring system

It is important to select suitable organisms to adapt the requirement of di erent environment monitoring purposes. Following our previous study, the behavioral responses of Daphnia magna and Japanese madaka (Oryzias latipes) were investigated and compared under flow-through conditions in an on-line biomonitoring system. The results showed that both D. magna and Japanese madaka had similar biological clock, but the circadian rhythms of Japanese madaka was more clearly recorded than that of D. magna. And the sensitivity of D. magna was about two orders of magnitudes higher than that of Japanese madaka in di erent types of toxic chemicals (dichlorovos, deltamethrin and cadmium chloride). However, when both animals were used in an on-line biomonitoring system, the life span of D. magna was less than 7 days and Japanese madaka could last for more than one month without feeding. Therefore, D. magna was proposed to be a more sensitive bioindicator and was suitable for short term monitoring the pollution events at concentration level closing to the water quality standard, while Japanese madaka was more suitable for the long-term monitoring for accidental discharges.     

氢化可的松对雄性稀有鮈鲫肾上腺激素调节功能基因的干扰作用

克隆了稀有鮈鲫促肾上腺皮质素释放激素(CRF)、阿片黑素促皮质素原(POMC)和糖皮质素受体(GR)基因片段,设计了物种特异性引物.BLAST分析结果显示,所克隆基因与斑马鱼、鲫鱼和鲤鱼相应基因的同源性超过90%.通过短期暴露实验研究了氢化可的松对稀有鮈鲫雄性成鱼主要脏器的毒性,并通过荧光定量PCR方法测定了其对上述基因表达的影响.结果显示,在0～125μg·L-1浓度暴露下,实验鱼体长、体重、性腺指数、肝脏指数和肾脏指数等指标与对照组均无显著差异.鱼脑CRF基因在暴露组较对照组有显著上调;脑POMC基因在低浓度暴露组显著上调,而在高浓度暴露组显著下调;且CRF和POMC基因的表达谱随浓度变化都呈现非典型剂量效应关系;肝脏GR基因在氢化可的松低暴露浓度组时较对照组明显下调.高浓度组时显著上调.以上结果表明,在分子水平上氢化可的松能够干扰鱼的肾上腺激素调节功能,但在器官和个体水平上没有表现出明显的毒性;HPA轴中的CRF、POMC和GR功能基因可以作为肾上腺皮质激素干扰物的敏感生物标记.     

三种氯代酚的水生态毒理和水质基准

氯酚化合物主要包括2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚等, 是一类重要的化工产品, 在环境中分布广泛. 氯酚在水体中的生态毒理行为一直是人们关注的焦点. 本文概述了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚在水环境中的迁移归趋, 在水生生物体内的吸收代谢及其生态毒性和毒理特性. 在此基础上, 对3种氯代酚的水生态基准进行推导讨论, 以期为氯酚类污染物的环境管理、安全评价和污染防治提供基础资料.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting e ects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the e uents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal e ciencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated e ects in di erent treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 10??8 to 6.19 10??7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 10??8 to 8.75 10??8 mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP, and 4.80 10??9 to 2.55 10??8 mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse e ects on the exposed organisms.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting effects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated effects in different treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 × 10-8 to 6.19 × 10-7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 × 10-s to 8.75 x 10-s mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP,and 4.80 × 10-9 to 2.55 × 10-s mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse effects on the exposed organisms.     

苯并噻唑类污染物对青海弧菌Q67毒性效应

以青海弧菌Q67为指示生物,结合96微孔板高通量检测技术,测定了10种环境中常见苯并噻唑类污染物对发光菌的毒性效应。结果表明,10种苯并噻唑化合物均对发光菌具有毒性效应,其EC50在1.17×10-6~5.43×10-3mol·L-1之间。对其进行毒性效应排序,发现巯基取代氨基2羟苯基羧酸乙酯溴氟甲基氯甲硫基苯并噻唑。利用结构化学描述符和偏最小二乘法,构建了苯并噻唑类化合物对Q67发光菌毒性的定量构效关系模型(QSAR),结果发现,氢键供体数量(ND)和极性溶剂可及分子表面积(PSASA)对其毒性具有重要意义。本研究为苯并噻唑类污染物毒性效应评价及其环境风险评价提供了参考。     

高内涵筛选技术的原理及其在生态毒理学的应用

大量存在于环境中的有毒污染物仍然缺乏足够的毒理学数据来对其进行有效的监管,为了满足海量化合物毒性评价的需要,基于离体生物测试的高通量毒性筛选方法在近些年得到了迅猛的发展。高内涵筛选技术是新型的高通量化合物毒性筛选方法,该方法最显著的特点是能够在保持细胞结构和功能完整的基础上同时获取多种毒性指标。因此在简介高内涵筛选技术原理的基础上,综述了其在生态毒理学领域已有的应用,并针对性地对高内涵筛选技术的发展和挑战进行了展望。