曝气强度对同时硝化反硝化（SND）脱氮过程中N2O排放的影响

为了控制污水脱氮中N2O排放,在不同曝气强度下研究了好氧硝化段同时硝化反硝化（SND）系统的N2O排放特性,并采用PCR—DGGE技术分析微生物群落特征。结果发现,随着曝气强度的增强,系统总氮去除率下降,但脱氮中N2O—N所占比例则上升,实验中从低到高3个曝气强度下,总氮去除率分别为80．01％、65．28％和58．62％,脱氮中N2O—N所占的比例为1．89％、7．84％和9．20％。PCR—DGGE分析显示,和低曝气强度下相比中、高曝气强度下系统微生物群落发生明显变化,但中曝气强度和高曝气强度下系统微生物群落表现出较高相似性。这表明,不同曝气强度下系统N2O排放受到氮素转化和微生物群落变化的影响。适宜曝气强度不仅提高总氮去除率,还可有效控制N2O排放。     

降流式厌氧悬浮填料床工艺特性分析

厌氧生物技术能在无氧条件下,通过厌氧微生物的新陈代谢将废水中的有机物转化为无机物,同时产生具有能源回收价值的甲烷,并减少温室气体(CO2)的排放,符合节能环保的原则和发展趋势.在回顾厌氧技术以及厌氧反应器发展的基础上,从现代厌氧反应器的发展理念角度分析了新型厌氧反应器-降流式厌氧悬浮填料床(DASB)的工艺特性.降流式厌氧悬浮填料床在生物量的保持、微生物的多级多相和推流流态等方面较好地符合了新型现代厌氧反应器的发展要求,结构、运行简单,具有较好的处理效果,是中国农村污水处理或预处理的较佳选择.     

利用反硝化法净化难降解吡啶废气

利用反硝化的方法处理吡啶气体,并通过与普通生物洗涤塔对吡啶废气处理效果的对比研究,探索了难降解VOC-吡啶废气反硝化净化过程的几个问题。实验设置实验组（1#反应器）和对照组（2#反应器）,结果表明,1#对吡啶废气的去除能力更大,最大去除负荷为84.5 mg·（L·h）-1,而2#最大去除负荷为49.2 mg·（L·h）-1。1#系统中反硝化作用对净化吡啶的贡献率,在一定范围内,随着进气浓度的增大而增大。当进气浓度从250 mg·m-3增大到1 000 mg·m-3,反硝化去除负荷从8.0 mg·（L·h）-1增加到62.8 mg·（L·h）-1,在总去除负荷中所占比重从32.5%增加到73.6%,随着进气负荷的增加,反硝化逐渐起主要作用。     

厌氧-好氧填料床联合处理餐饮废水的研究

调查江苏省扬州市餐饮废水排放特征,开发出一种厌氧-好氧填料床联合反应器用于处理餐饮废水.通过试验确定上流式厌氧填料床水力停留时间为4h,当联合工艺的总水力停留时间为8h时,联合工艺对餐饮废水处理CODcr去除率达到了90%.出水中CODcr、NH3-N、SS、磷酸盐指标达到国家一级排放标准.     

曝气强度对同时硝化反硝化（SND）脱氮过程中N2O排放的影响

为了控制污水脱氮中N2O排放,在不同曝气强度下研究了好氧硝化段同时硝化反硝化（SND）系统的N2O排放特性,并采用PCR—DGGE技术分析微生物群落特征。结果发现,随着曝气强度的增强,系统总氮去除率下降,但脱氮中N2O—N所占比例则上升,实验中从低到高3个曝气强度下,总氮去除率分别为80．01％、65．28％和58．62％,脱氮中N2O—N所占的比例为1．89％、7．84％和9．20％。PCR—DGGE分析显示,和低曝气强度下相比中、高曝气强度下系统微生物群落发生明显变化,但中曝气强度和高曝气强度下系统微生物群落表现出较高相似性。这表明,不同曝气强度下系统N2O排放受到氮素转化和微生物群落变化的影响。适宜曝气强度不仅提高总氮去除率,还可有效控制N2O排放。     

Combined effects of volume ratio and nitrate recycling ratio on nutrient removal, sludge characteristic and microbial evolution for DPR optimization

The optimization of volume ratio (V_An/V_A/V_O) and nitrate recycling ratio (R) in a two-sludge denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) process of Anaerobic Anoxic Oxic-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (A²/O-MBBR) was investigated. The results showed that prolonged anaerobic retention time (HRT_An: 1.25→3.75 hr) exerted favorable effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (57.26%→73.54%), poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesis (105.70→138.12 mgCOD/L) and PO₄^3? release (22.3→38.9 mg/L). However, anoxic retention time (HRT_A) and R exhibited positive correlation with PHA utilization (43.87%-81.34%) and denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) potential (ΔNO₃^?/ΔPO₄^3?: 0.57-1.34 mg/mg), leading to dramatical TN removal variations from 68.86% to 81.28%. Under the V_An/V_A/V_O ratio of 2:6:0, sludge loss deteriorated nutrient removals but the sludge bioactivity quickly recovered when the oxic zone was recovered. The sludge characteristic and microstructure gradually transformed under the dissolved oxygen (DO) control (1.0-1.5→1.5-2.0 mg/L), in terms of sludge volume index (SVI: 194→57 mL/gVSS), median-particle-size (D₅₀: 99.6→300.5 μm), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (105.62→226.18 mg/g VSS) and proteins/polysaccharides (PN/PS) ratio (1.52→3.46). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results showed that phosphorus accumulation organisms (PAOs) (mainly Cluster I of Accumulibacter, contribution ratio: 91.79%-94.10%) dominated the superior DPR performance, while glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) (mainly Competibacter, contribution ratio: 82.61%-86.89%) was responsible for deteriorative TN and PO₄^3? removals. The optimal HRT_A and R assembled around 5-6.5 hr and 300%-400% based on the PHA utilization and DRP performance, and the oxic zones also contributed to PO₄^3? removal although it showed low dependence on DO concentration and oxic retention time (HRT_O).     

中小型工业废水处理工程工艺设计举要

结合工业废水处理工程现状，提出应重视中小型工业废水处理工程的工艺设计，分析讨论了在中小工业废水处理工程设计中应引起注意的四方面问题。     

Response of sediment calcium and magnesium species to the regional acid deposition in eutrophic Taihu Lake,China

Acid deposition causes carbonate dissolution in watersheds and leads to profound impacts on water chemistry of lakes. Here, we presented a detailed study on the seasonal, spatial, and vertical variations of calcium and magnesium species in the overlying water, interstitial water, and sediment profiles in eutrophic Taihu Lake under the circumstance of regional acid deposition. The result showed that both the acid deposition and biomineralization in Taihu Lake had effects on Ca and Mg species. In the lake water, calcium carbonate was saturated or over-saturated based on long-term statistical calculation of the saturation index (SI). On the sediment profiles, significant difference in Ca and Mg species existed between the surface sediment (0–10 cm) and deeper sediments (>10 cm). The interstitial water Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, ion-exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface sediment were higher than those in the deeper sediment. In the spring, when the acid deposition is more intensive, the acid-extracted Ca and Mg in the surface sediment were lower than that in the deeper sediment in the northwest lake, due to carbonate dissolution caused by the regional acid deposition. Spatially, the higher concentration of acid-extracted Ca and Mg in the northwest surface sediment than that in the east lake was observed, indicating the pronounced carbonate biomineralization by algae bloom in the northwest lake. Statistical analysis showed that acid deposition exerted a stronger impact on the variation of acid-extracted Ca and Mg in the surface sediment than the biomineralization in Taihu Lake. For the total Ca and Mg concentration in the spring, however, no significant change between the surface and deeper sediment in the northwest lake was observed, indicating that the carbonate precipitation via biomineralization and the carbonate dissolution due to acidic deposition were in a dynamic balance. These features are of major importance for the understanding of combined effects of acid deposition and eutrophication on freshwater lakes.

     

反硝化法降解油脂废水中的恶臭物质

针对油脂废水恶臭问题,采用外加硝酸盐氮的反硝化法降解油脂废水中恶臭物质,并研究了处理前后挥发性有机物质的变化情况及其机理分析。结果表明：在缺氧条件下,反硝化菌可利用NO3--N作为电子受体,油脂废水中具有恶臭的挥发性有机物质作为电子供体,实现油脂废水恶臭的去除;恶臭物质的去除与NO3--N的投加量有关,当C/N≤5.2时,出水几乎无味,VOC的逸散量较处理前降低99.5%以上,最佳C/N为5.2,出水几乎没有NO3--N残留,避免了二次污染;采用“顶空固相微萃取-气质联用仪”技术对油脂废水处理前后VOC进行分析,处理前水样检测出46种主要挥发性有机物,处理后为9种。因此,利用反硝化去除油脂废水中恶臭物质是非常有效的措施。     

宁夏贺兰山三种植被下土壤有机碳密度的比较

干旱、半干旱地区的土壤有机碳库是全球土壤碳库的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环的研究中有着重要作用.本文以宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区的油松(Pinus tnbulaeformis Carr.)、灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens Franch.)和灌丛三种植被下的土壤为研究对象,比较分析了这三种土壤不同层次有机碳含量和有机碳密度的变化情况.结果表明:三种土壤的有机碳含量均随着深度的增加而减少;油松植被下土壤的有机碳密度最高(11.30±0.36 kg·m-2),灰榆植被下土壤的有机碳密度次之(4.34±0.13kg·m-2),灌丛植被下土壤的有机碳密度最低(2.50±0.07 kg·m-2);油松、灰榆和灌丛三种植被下的土壤表层(0-5 cm)有机碳储量分别占其土壤有机碳总储量的10.32%±0.07%、23.43%±0.69%和26.80%±0.20%,灰榆和灌丛植被下的土壤发育情况较差,其有机碳相对较多地储存在表层土壤中;发育较好的土壤,其有机碳总储量也较高.为减少土壤表层CO2的排放,我们应加强对地表植被的保护,这对减缓全球变暖趋势具有重要意义.