太阳能光催化降解法去除水中罗丹明染料的研究

在太阳光的紫外线辐射下，应用载有ＴｉＯ２薄层的平板式光催化反应器，进行了光催化降解法去除水中罗丹明染料的试验，结果表明，当紫外线辐射强度平均为３３Ｗ／ｍ＾２，反应时间为１８ｍｉｎ时，水中罗丹明染料浓度由１０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ，在室国家排放标准，探讨了太阳能光催化反应系统的改进方向及工业化应用的有关问题。     

Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County, western Guizhou, China

Total heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations were evaluated in smelting waste, soil, crop and moss samples collected from the Hezhang artisanal zinc smelting areas, Guizhou, China. Soil samples from the cornfield near the smelting sites contained extremely high Cd (5.8-74 mg kg(-1)), Pb (60-14,000 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (260-16,000 mg kg(-1)) concentrations. Elevated heavy metal concentrations were also found in corn plants and total Pb (0.80-1.5 mg kg(-1)) and Cd (0.05-0.76 mg kg(-1)) concentrations in corn grain have totally or partially exceeded the national guidance limits for foodstuff. Thus, the soil-to-crop transfer of heavy metals might pose a potential health risk to the local residents. Similar to the high heavy metal levels in soil and corn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in moss samples collected from the smelting sites ranged from 10 to 110, 10 to 55, 26 to 51, 400 to 1200 and 330 to 1100 mg kg(-1), respectively, exhibiting a local spatial pattern of metals deposition from the atmosphere. Based on examination of Zn/Cd and Pb/Cd ratios of the analyzed samples, we have distinguished between the flue gas dust derived and smelting waste derived metals in different environmental compartments.     

浙江省城市污水处理设施运营现状及对策研究

通过大量的调查．深入分析了浙江省城市污水处理设施的运营状况及存在的问题．并对今后的城市污水处理设施运营的发展、建设机制提出相应研究对策。     

白腐菌改性的中药渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能

以白腐菌的典型菌种黄孢原毛平革菌为改性菌种,对中药渣进行改性处理,研究了改性中药渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。采用SEM技术对改性中药渣进行表征。研究了废水pH、改性中药渣加入量、吸附温度和吸附时间对Cr（Ⅵ）吸附效果的影响。表征结果显示,中药渣经过改性后表面出现许多孔隙,比表面积增大,为吸附Cr（Ⅵ）提供了更多的吸附位。实验结果表明：在初始Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度50 mg/L、改性中药渣加入量5 g/L、废水pH 2、吸附温度45 ℃、吸附时间20 h的条件下,改性中药渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率达99.5%,吸附量可达9.82 mg/g;改性中药渣对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和Freundlich等温吸附方程;准二级动力学方程能很好地对改性中药渣吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的数据进行拟合。     

厌氧下Shewanella marisflavi EP1还原转化二甲戊乐灵

二甲戊乐灵是农业生产中使用量较大的一种芽前二硝基苯胺除草剂,其在环境中的持久性已经引起广泛关注。为更好地理解其在厌氧条件下的环境归趋,文章研究了Shewanella marisflavi EP1厌氧生物转化二甲戊乐灵的能力以及不同环境因子对该转化的影响。试验以乳酸钠作为电子供体,二甲戊乐灵为唯一的电子受体,EP1为还原菌,分别考察不同的反应体系和条件下EP1的生长及其对二甲戊乐灵还原的情况。结果表明,S.marisflavi EP1在厌氧条件下能有效还原转化二甲戊乐灵,核黄素的存在加快了还原反应速率,而呼吸抑制剂能够延迟甚至终止还原转化反应,表明二甲戊乐灵的还原转化是与电子传递链相关联的微生物呼吸过程。此外,EP1还原二甲戊乐灵的最优条件分别为p H 8,温度35℃,盐度2%。该研究不仅扩展了希瓦氏菌利用电子受体的潜力,也为处理硝基苯胺类农药的污染修复提供依据。     

Stable isotopic characteristics of precipitation related to the environmental controlling factors in Ningbo,East China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) in precipitation were analysed from June 2018 to May 2020 in Ningbo and were influenced...     

老化对黑碳中吸附态苯酚的脱附及微生物降解的影响

采用松木基黑碳为吸附剂,考察了老化作用对吸附态苯酚的脱附及微生物降解作用的影响.苯酚吸附等温线数据采用非线性Freundlich方程拟合,脱附数据采用三位点脱附模型拟合,微生物降解试验分别在恶臭假单胞菌ATCC 11172的两种菌密度下进行.结果表明,平衡位点、非平衡位点以及不可脱附位点这三种位点在不同老化时间内都存在,其中不可脱附位点上的比例(fnd60.4%)都占绝大部分,并且随着老化时间增加,易脱附位点上的苯酚逐渐往不易脱附的位点转移;通过对连续稀释脱附数据的分析表明,脱附体系中脱附产物的不定期移除(非生物移除)能够极大地促进脱附的进行;老化时间越长,吸附态苯酚的生物可利用性越小,但同一老化时间内两组不同菌密度之间的生物可利用性并无明显的统计学差异;同时发现黑碳中不可脱附位点上的部分苯酚亦能被降解.     

Quantifying nitrate sources in a large reservoir for drinking water by using stable isotopes and a Bayesian isotope mixing model

Drinking water reservoirs are threatened globally by anthropogenic nitrogen pollution. Hydrochemistry and isotopes were analyzed to identify spatial and temporal varieties of main nitrate sources in a large drinking water reservoir in East China. The results showed that NO₃^? was the main nitrogen form in both the dry and wet seasons, but dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was increased in the wet season. The δ¹⁵N-NO₃^? values (+?1.3‰ to +?11.8‰) and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^? values (+?2.5‰ to +?13.5‰), combined with principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that chemical fertilizer was the main nitrate source during the dry season, while chemical fertilizer, soil N, and sewage/manure were the main nitrate sources during the wet season in the Qiandao Lake area. And, the nitrate isotopes showed the significant nitrification and assimilation in the Qiandao Lake area. A Bayesian isotopic mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R) was applied to the spatial and seasonal trends in the proportional contribution of four NO₃^? sources (chemical fertilizer (CF), soil nitrogen (SN), sewage and manure (SM), and atmospheric deposition (AD)) in the Qiandao Lake area. It was revealed that CF was the most important nitrate source in the dry season, accounting for 53.4% with 19.2% of SM and 18.9% of SN, while the contribution of SN increased in the wet season, accounting for 31.6%, followed by CF (30.8%) and then SM (24.2%). The main nitrate sources in the urban area, rural area, and central lake area were CF and SN, accounting for 66.1% in the urban area, 71.7% in the rural area, and 68.2% in the central lake area. Measures should be made to improve chemical fertilizer use efficiency and to reduce nitrogen loss in the Qiandao Lake area.

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植物类脂的提取及对菲吸附的影响

讨论了有机溶剂极性对植物类脂提取的影响,分别采用(Ⅰ)非极性正己烷和(Ⅱ)极性三氯甲烷∶甲醇(2∶1)溶液从青椒和油麦菜干样中索氏提取植物类脂,进一步研究了上述植物干样、提取类脂和去类脂组分对菲的吸附.实验结果表明,两种方法提取得到的类脂含量不同,方法(Ⅰ)从青椒和油麦菜中提取得到类脂含量为(1.9±0.1)%和(5.0±0.4)%;而方法 (Ⅱ)提取得到的相应值分别为(2.6±0.2)%和(9.5±0.5)%.两种方法得到提取类脂对菲的吸附贡献无显著性差异(P>0.05),均约占整个青椒干样对菲吸附的20%,而油麦菜的这一比例约为60%.但采用正己烷提取可避免极性物质的析出而更好地分离类脂和去类脂组分.去类脂组分在青椒和油麦菜中对菲的吸附贡献分别约为80%和40%,即去类脂组分对菲仍有较强的吸附能力,因此不能简单视为碳水化合物.     

覆膜对莴苣中重金属的影响及健康风险评价

通过田间对比试验,采用逐级提取技术,研究覆膜栽培方式对莴苣茎和叶中Cu、Fe、Cd总量和形态的影响及其健康风险评价。相比于不覆膜方式,覆膜栽培方式促进了土壤有机质的矿化和莴苣的生长,改变了重金属Fe和Cd向莴苣迁移的行为。覆膜方式对莴苣茎和叶中Cu的总量影响很小,但显著增加了莴苣茎中的Cd含量,降低了叶片中Fe的含量,平均增值为0.2 mg/kg和-150 mg/kg。形态分析结果表明覆膜栽培使莴苣茎中的水提取态Fe向盐酸提取态Fe转化,降低了其在茎中的生物活性,由此导致叶片部位总Fe以及盐酸提取态Fe和残渣态Fe的减少。覆膜组茎中Cd的活性并没有改变,其总Cd的增加归功于活性最低的残渣态含量的增加;而叶片中显著增加的乙醇提取态Cd由于占总量的比例很少,因此覆膜组叶片中总Cd并没有显著增加。参照食品安全国家标准,2种栽培方式下的莴苣叶中Cd总量均超标,存在食品安全问题,但以每日最大允许摄入量作为参考,莴苣各部位中3种元素的人均日暴露量均低于WHO推荐的ADI值2.4、42、0.06 mg/d。覆膜栽培方式对人体莴苣叶摄入量贡献率的影响较大,使Fe的贡献率降低了13.1%,而Cd的贡献率增加了6.53%,即增加了摄入Cd的潜在风险。