离心脱水机的污泥脱水实验及应用分析

简要阐述了高效型离心脱水机的工作原理及其在上海两个污水处理厂进行的现场污泥脱水实验，结果表明，污泥脱水效果良好，从污泥性状与脱水性分析说明，污泥浓度低，有机物含量高，则脱水性差；有机物含量低，则脱水性好，应用分析表明，随着污泥性状逐年变化，离心脱水机将成为流脱水机。     

三峡库区滑坡地带岩石特性的研究

针对三峡库区组成滑坡岩层的主要岩石——泥质岩、灰岩、砂岩,通过显微镜观察、X射线分析显微镜的定量分析及室内岩石力学强度试验,对各岩石的特性进行了分析。显微镜及X射线定量分析结果表明风化较弱的泥质岩基本上含有石英与钙质矿物,后者由于易溶于水而导致岩石的孔隙率增加。孔隙的一部分连接形成了裂缝, 从而使岩石的强度下降。各岩石的单轴压缩试验结果表明砂岩的强度最高,发生了风化的泥质砂岩的强度最低。在饱和状态下紫红色泥岩及风化了的泥质砂岩的单轴压缩强度降低最显著,比自然干燥状态下降低了大约50%, 推测是受粘土矿物含量的影响。所有岩石都表现出在峰值强度之前应力与应变几乎呈线性关系,而峰值强度之后应力急剧下降的脆性特征。这种在饱和状态下岩石强度大幅度下降与脆性特征表明在治理滑坡时需要采取十分周密及复杂的预防措施。     

Synthesis of Short-chain-length/Medium-chain-length Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Copolymers in Peroxisome of the Transgenic Arabidopsis Thaliana Harboring the PHA Synthase Gene from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3

In this paper, the photosynthetic production of short-chain-length/medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymers is reported. The wild-type and highly active doubly mutated PHA synthase 1 (S325T/Q481K, abbreviated ST/QK) genes from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. Peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1) was used to target PHA synthases into the peroxisome to synthesize PHA from the intermediates of the β-oxidation pathway. The transgenic Arabidopsis produced PHA copolymers consisting of 40–57 mol% 3-hydroxybutyrate, 21–49 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate, 8–18 mol% 3-hydroxyhexanoate, and 2–8 mol% 3-hydroxyoctanoate. The maximum PHA contents were 220μ g/g cell dry weight (cdw) in leaves, and 36μ g/g cdw in stems, respectively. The expression of the ST/QK mutated PHA synthase in leaves gene did not lead to significant difference in PHA content and monomer composition of PHAs, compared to the wild-type PHA synthase gene, suggesting that the supply of monomers may be a rate-determining step of PHA biosynthesis in the peroxisome. However, in stems, there were significant differences dependent on whether the wild-type or ST/QK mutated PHA synthase was expressed. These results suggest that tissue-specific monomer availability is important in determining the final mol% composition of PHA copolymers produced by the peroxisome in plants.     

Gas permeability and tortuosity for packed layers of processed municipal solid wastes and incinerator residue.

To make a proper evaluation of gas component movement inside a landfill site, it is important to investigate the different parameters related to gas flow. In this work gas-filled porosity, intrinsic permeability, tortuosity and equivalent pore radius were determined for various packed wastes, such as incineration ash, shredded bulky waste and shredded incombustible waste. These parameters were measured/inferred for samples packed in a column and exposed to a controlled gas flow. The effect of waste conditions, especially the moisture content, on these parameters was also investigated. The intrinsic permeability of such packed wastes was generally in the order of 10(-10) to 10(-9) m2, except for some ash that was one to two orders lower. The tortuosity of waste layer was greater than that of a particulate material and ranged between 2 and 10. The equivalent pore radius was generally in the order of 10(-4) m, which means that gas diffusion is still ordinary in such packed waste layer. The obtained results will be utilized when simulating gas flow inside a landfill site for biogas extraction or site aeration.     

Radiostrontium monitoring of bivalves from the Pacific coast of eastern Japan

In early April 2011, radiostrontium was accidentally released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant to the Pacific coast of eastern Japan. We developed a simple procedure to analyze radiostrontium levels in marine mussels (Septifer virgatus) and seawater using crown ether (Sr Resin; Eichrom). Then, we used our method to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of radiostrontium in mussels and seawater on the Pacific coast of eastern Japan from 2011 to 2013 and for 2015. Activity of ⁹⁰Sr in mussels and seawater decreased with distance from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and between 2011 and 2013 tended to be higher in areas south of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant than to the north of it. Activity in mussels and seawater also tended to decrease from 2011 to 2013 and by 2015 had reached levels experienced prior to the Fukushima accident. Our results suggest that radiostrontium discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was dispersed by coastal currents in a southerly direction along the Pacific coast of eastern Japan from 2011 to 2013, following which its activity decreased to background levels by 2015.     

Influence of paint chips on lead concentration in the soil of public playgrounds in Tokyo

Lead concentration in the surface soils from 31 playgrounds in a ward in Tokyo was measured to examine if paint chips, peeled off from playing equipment installed in the playgrounds, contribute to elevated Pb concentration in the soil of public playgrounds. Lead concentration in the paint chips sampled from playgrounds ranged from 0.003 to 8.9%. Lead concentration in the surface soil ranged from 15.2 to 237 mg kg(-1) (average, 55.5 mg kg(-1)) and higher Pb concentration was found in the soil near painted playing equipment indicating that paint chips from playing equipment contributed to increase soil Pb level of playgrounds in Tokyo. The degree of peeling-off of paint on the surface of playing equipment in the public playground (peeling-off index: POI) positively correlated with Pb concentration in the soil (Spearman rank-correlation coefficient, r = 0.366, p = 0.043). The stronger correlation between Pb concentration and isotope ratios (207Pb/206Pb and Pb conc., r = 0.536, p = 0.002, 208Pb/206Pb and Pb conc. r = 0.600, p < 0.001) than that between Pb and POI indicated that gasoline Pb contributed more to the playground-to-playground variation in soil Pb concentration. It was concluded that both gasoline Pb of the past and paint chips contributed to increased Pb concentration in the surface soil of playgrounds in Tokyo, though the contribution of paint chips is smaller than gasoline Pb.     

PCDD/PCDF formation in the chlor-alkali process—laboratory study and comparison with patterns from contaminated sites

Studies on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine) using graphite or titanium electrodes were carried out at a laboratory scale. High concentrations of PCDFs but no PCDDs were formed in tests using graphite electrodes. With titanium electrodes, PCDFs were only formed when tar pitch was added and mainly originated from the dibenzofuran present in the tar. For the first time, a detailed assessment of the formation of mono- to octachlorinated PCDD/PCDF from tar pitch was investigated. The assessment included of the chlorination steps proved that PCDFs were formed by successive lateral chlorinated from dibenzofuran to MonoCDFs, DiCDFs, and TriCDFs to form the typical known “chlorine pattern” of TetraCDF to OctaCDF with a dominance of 1,2,7,8- and 2,3,7,8-TetraCDFs, 1,2,3,7,8-PentaCDF, and 1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDF as marker congeners. The final homologue distributions depended on reaction time and reaction temperature. In addition, electrolysis with non-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl was carried out. As a result, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCB were formed at comparable yields. Congener patterns in soil samples from a PCDD/F-contaminated site where chlor-alkali electrolysis had been operated for decades in Japan had identical isomer distribution demonstrating the source and contamination potential and risk of these processes. Therefore, sites where in the past 120 years chlor-alkali electrolysis has been operated or where residues from chlor-alkali production or other chlorine using industries have been disposed should be assessed for their pollution level and exposure relevance. The assessment of total organohalogen content revealed that PCDF is only a small fraction of organohalogens in the contaminated soils. For an appropriate risk assessment, also other chlorinated aromatic compounds such as PCBs or PCNs need to be considered.     

Multivariate analyses of the effect of an urban wastewater treatment plant on spatial and temporal variation of water quality and nutrient distribution of a tropical mid-order river

Freshwater resources are increasingly scarce due to human activities, and the understanding of water quality variations at different spatial and temporal scales is necessary for adequate management. Here, we analyze the hypotheses that (1) the presence of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and (2) a polluted tributary that drains downstream from the WWTP change the spatial patterns of physicochemical variables (pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity) and nutrient concentrations (reactive soluble phosphorus, total phosphorus, nitrogen series, total nitrogen, and total dissolved carbon) along a mid-order river in SE Brazil and that these effects depend on rainfall regime. Six study sites were sampled along almost 4 years to evaluate the impacts of human activities, including sites upstream (1–3) and downstream (5–6) from the WWTP. The impacts were observed presenting an increasing trend from the source (site 1) towards Água Quente stream (site 4, the polluted tributary), with signs of attenuation at site 5 (downstream from both WWTP and site 4) and the river mouth (site 6). Input of nutrients by rural and urban runoff was observed mainly at sites 2 and 3, respectively. At sites 4 and 5, the inputs of both untreated and treated wastewaters increased nutrient concentrations and changed physicochemical variables, with significant impacts to Monjolinho River. Seasonal variations in the measured values were also observed, in agreement with the pluviometric indexes of the region. Univariate analyses suggested no effect of the WWTP for most variables, with continued impacts at sites downstream, but non-parametric multivariate analysis indicated that these sites were recovering to chemical characteristics similar to upstream sites, apparently due to autodepuration. Therefore, multivariate methods that allow rigorous tests of multifactor hypotheses can greatly contribute to determine effects of both point and non-point sources in river systems, thus contributing to freshwater monitoring and management.     

Destruction of polychlorinated naphthalenes by a high-temperature melting treatment (GeoMelt process)

A series of treatment experiments were carried out to evaluate the applicability of a high-temperature melting treatment (GeoMelt process) to the destruction of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) formulation. We started with 10-kg-scale experiments in which a small melting furnace was used and then scaled up to a 1-t-scale experiment in which a melting furnace that resembled an actual treatment system was used. These runs were evaluated whether destruction efficiency (DE) of total PCNs was more than 99.999 % and whether concentrations of PCNs and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs) in vitrified materials, emission gas, and scrubber water were below the target levels. Because DE values and the target levels of PCNs and PCDDs/DFs in these runs were satisfactory, then we carried out a demonstrative experiment using the actual treatment system and confirmed destruction of PCNs. Based on good results of the demonstrative experiment, stock of PCN formulation was successfully treated continuously.