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T. Hara S. Trini Castelli R. Ohba C.J. Tremback 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(24):3745-3753
This work is a contribution to a large project, aimed at the development of an advanced environmental assessment modelling system to be used in Japan. The modelling system here considered consisted of the RAMS and HYPACT coupled models. The RAMS code was modified to properly simulate local scale phenomena using a fine mesh size of 250 m. In this direction, the main aim here was to investigate the effect of the choice of the turbulence closure scheme on the dispersion of pollutants. Our modified version of the RAMS/HYPACT model chain was validated using field experiments which were carried out by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) in the area of Mt. Tsukuba (Japan). The mean flow, turbulence and concentration fields obtained using two alternative turbulence closure schemes are compared. A discussion on the different performances of the turbulence closures is presented and the influence of the closure schemes over the plume dispersion is investigated. 相似文献
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Xinhua Fu Fredric V. Vencl Ohba Nobuyoshi V. Benno Meyer-Rochow Chaoliang Lei Zhongning Zhang 《Chemoecology》2007,17(2):117-124
Summary. When attacked or otherwise disturbed, larvae of the aquatic firefly Luciola leii display fork-shaped glands laterally from the meso- and metathorax as well as each abdominal segment. Glandular eversion
is accompanied by a strong pine oil-like odour, thanatosis and glowing from paired larval light organs. Observations by SEM
and TEM revealed that there are numerous, almost spherical protuberances, measuring 9 μm in diameter on the surface of each
gland. Each protuberance is connected to a well developed secretory cell via a 0.1 μm thick and 0.2 μm long stalk and bears
three to six 7 μm long spines on its apex. The convoluted glandular walls measure 0.2 μm. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells
is characterized by the presence of numerous mitochondria and an extensive system of cisternae and tubular endoplasmic reticulum.
Preliminary GC-MS analysis of the glandular secretion revealed two volatile terpenoids: terpinolene and γ-terpinene. Choice
and no-choice bioassays involving fish and ants as well as other predators demonstrate that the secretions serve as an effective
deterrent against a range of ecologically relevant enemies. The larval postural adjustments, light emission, everted glands,
and glandular release of distasteful or repellent compounds, appear to function as a multi-modal, aposematic larval defence.
The tandem evolution of glandular secretions and conspicuousness in larval fireflies could partially explain their successful
radiation into both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. 相似文献
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Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 and CH4 has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH4. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH4 emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH4 emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH4 emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m3 open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH4 content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min−1 m−2 and 9.8 l min−1 m−2. Total CH4 emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day−1. Relationships between CH4 emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH4 emission can be accurately estimated. 相似文献
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In this study we investigated both the decomposition and unintentional formation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners during combustion experiments of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and automobile shredder residue (ASR) at several stages in thermal treatment plant equipment composed of a primary combustion chamber, a secondary combustion chamber, and other equipments for flue gas treatment. In both experiments, the unintentional formation of PCB occurred in the primary combustion chamber at the same time as the decomposition of PCB in input samples. By combusting RDF, non-ortho-PCB predominantly formed, whereas ortho-PCB and symmetric chlorinated biphenyls (e.g., #52/69, #87/108, and #151) tended to be decomposed. ASR formed the higher chlorinated biphenyls more than RDF. These by-products from ASR had no structural relation with ortho-chlorine. Lower chlorinated biphenyls appeared as predominant homologues at the final exit site, while all congeners from lower to higher chlorinated PCB were unintentionally formed as by-products in the primary combustion chamber. This result showed that the flue gas treatment equipments effectively removed higher chlorinated PCB. Input marker congeners of RDF were #11, #39, and #68, while those for ASR were #11, #101, #110/120, and #118. Otherwise, combustion marker congeners of RDF were #13/12, #35, #77, and #126, while those for ASR were #170, #194, #206, and #209. While the concentration of PCB increased significantly in the primary combustion chamber, the value of toxicity equivalency quantity for dioxin-like PCB decreased in the secondary combustion chamber and the flue gas treatment equipments. 相似文献
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In this study, a new method for calculating total PCB and toxic equivalents (TEQ) of coplanar PCB (Co-PCB) was proposed, called the 'PCB dual method'. This method analysed various kinds of technical PCB, samples contaminated by technical PCB and byproduct PCB. In the PCB dual method, a data set of 15 indicator congeners was utilized for the calculations, having IUPAC nos. #3, #8, #28, #52, #77, #101, #105, #118, #126, #138, #153, #180, #194, #206 and #209. The 15 congener set was chosen from the major congeners, determined by HRGC/HRMS analysis, in 18 technical PCB, Kanechlor, Aroclor, Clophen and Chlorofen, and 20 other samples, such as indoor air, flue gases, emission gases, municipal solid waste (MSW), ash and sealant. To obtain total PCB and TEQ of Co-PCB, the intermediate sum for the concentration of the 15 congeners was multiplied by each multiplication factor. As a result, we obtained the average factor used to calculate total PCB in technical PCB and other samples. For technical PCB, the factor was 3.01, while for indoor air samples, flue and emission gases, MSW, ash and sealants, the factors were 3.92, 4.16, 3.68, 4.52 and 4.77, respectively. Moreover, the factor used to calculate the TEQ of Co-PCB in Kanechlor and other source samples were also obtained. The factors for Kanechlor, indoor air samples and emission gases from a cement plant were in the order of 10(-5), while the factor for flue gases in a MSW incinerator was in the order of 10(-3). These data were valuable for the rough estimation of the TEQ of Co-PCB without separation from other PCB before individual measurements. 相似文献
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Dechlorination/hydrogenation and destruction reactions of PCDDs in OCDD-added fly ash heated under vacuum 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD)-added, pretreated fly ash was heated under vacuum at sample temperatures ranging from T(s)=450 to 650 K. The fly ash and liquid nitrogen-cooled trap samples were analyzed for DD/DF through OCDD/DF. The total amounts of DD through OCDD decrease with increasing T(s), which indicates that dechlorination/hydrogenation (DCH) reactions are not the only reaction channels. Reduction of toxic equivalent (TEQ) for PCDDs by more than 99% was achieved in the fly ash by the vacuum heat treatment at T(s)=650 K for 4 h. The total amount of PCDDs and DD detected in the liquid nitrogen-cooled trap relative to that of added OCDD was about 17%, i.e., PCDDs and DD which were adsorbed to the fly ash surfaces can evaporate into the gaseous phase. The difference between the evaporation behavior of PCDDs in the present and the previous studies is discussed in the light of their states of existence. 相似文献
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Ubiquity of parasporin-1 producers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> natural populations of Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Uemori A Maeda M Yasutake K Ohgushi A Kagoshima K Mizuki E Ohba M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(1):34-38
Parasporin, a Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein, is unique in having a strong cytocidal activity preferential for human cancer cells. In this study, we
characterized parasporin activities associated with three novel geographical isolates of B.
thuringiensis. Parasporal inclusion proteins of the three isolates were highly toxic to human uterus cervix cancer cells (HeLa), but not
to non-cancer uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSMC). Inclusions of the isolates lacked insect toxicity and hemolytic activity
against sheep erythrocytes. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests revealed that the proteins of the three isolates are immunologically
closely related to parasporin-1 (Cry31A), but dissimilar to the three other existing parasporin groups. Our results provide
evidence that the parasporin-1-producing organism is a common member in B. thuringiensis populations occurring in natural environments of Japan. 相似文献