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1.
This is the first report of gynandromorphy in Isoptera. An Asian dry-wood termite, Neotermes koshunensis (Shiraki) [Kalotermitidae], possessing both male and female phenotypic characteristics, was found on Okinawa Island, Japan. This deformed individual showed morphological and anatomical hermaphroditism in the abdomen. The right side of the seventh sternite was the female form and contained an ovary, while the left side was the male form and contained a testis. Genotypic analysis revealed that this individual was a genotypic bilateral chimera. These results suggested that the termite was a bilateral gynandromorph with a male left side and a female right side. As reported previously in other insects, double fertilization (by two sperms, one with an X and one with a Y chromosome) of a binucleate egg is the most likely mechanism that generated this genotypic bilateral chimera. N. koshunensis has the ability to reproduce through parthenogenesis, in which the secondary polar body is likely to be used for nuclear phase recovery. If the second polar body in this mechanism has high fertility and healthy embryogenic potential, like an egg nucleus, some of gynandromorphs might be produced by a side effect of parthenogenetic ability. 相似文献
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Although recent studies have demonstrated that calcification in a wide range of marine organisms is profoundly affected by CO2-induced ocean acidification, the mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear. To clarify the effects of ocean acidification on the calcification process at the molecular level, we evaluated the expression of three biomineralization-related genes in the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus exposed under control, 1,000, and 2,000?ppm CO2 from egg to pluteus larval stage. We found that the expression of the gene msp130, which is proposed to transport Ca2+ to the calcification site, is suppressed by increased CO2 at pluteus larval stage. Meanwhile, expression of the spicule protein matrix genes SM30 and SM50 was apparently not affected. The results suggest that the combined effects of ocean acidification on the expression of skeletogenesis-related genes as well as the change in seawater carbonate chemistry affect the biomineralization ability of sea urchins. 相似文献
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After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, numerous evacuees had to stay in evacuation shelters such as school gymnasiums. In general, after a disaster, ensuring the safety and security of evacuees in evacuation shelters is a serious problem. Consequently, many of these evacuees feared that they would be victims of crime in the shelters or that their evacuated homes would be burgled. To examine what factors evoke a general fear of crime in shelters and burglary of evacuated homes, we conducted an online questionnaire on 300 evacuees in Miyagi Prefecture who had stayed at such shelters. From a factor analysis of fear of 16 specific kinds of crime in shelters, we extracted two factors representing fear of property and female-related crime. We then found that a general fear of crime in shelters was associated with being young and a fear of female-related crime, while a fear of burglary of evacuated homes was associated with being female, owning a detached house, and fear of property crime. Based on these results, we provide recommendations aiming to help reduce the fear of crime in shelters and burglary of evacuated homes. 相似文献
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The emission of waste in an economy, including landfill, is to a large extent determined by its patterns of technology, institutions,
and lifestyle. A mathematical model (the waste input–output model) is presented that gives a simple analytical representation
of this interdependence. The model was used to evaluate the effects of alternative waste disposal and recycling options on
the levels of industrial production, landfill consumption, and the emission of carbon dioxide, and also to analyze the overall
dependence on landfill of individual industries. It was found that a systematic combination of the options could be effective
in reducing the overall landfill consumption and carbon dioxide emission.
Received: November 4, 2000 / Accepted: August 2, 2001 相似文献
8.
Yasushi?InoueEmail author Arata?Katayama 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2004,6(1):48-57
An improved rescue number, RNSOIL, which is an indicator for evaluating remediation technologies for contaminated ground that is based on both the risk and the remediation cost, is proposed as a tool of risk communication. The risk posed by contaminated ground is indicated by the figure of treatment priority at time t, FTP(t), which represents the human health risk as the number of people affected by the contaminated ground at time t during the remediation process. The calculation of the value of FTP(t) is based on exposure to contaminants that have migrated through environmental media from the contaminated ground, and is estimated by using a CalTOX model and the Monte Carlo method. The integration of FTP(t) with time, which represents the cumulative number of people affected by the contaminated ground, is used to estimate the performance of individual remediation technologies in risk reduction. The figure of unprocessibility for waste (FUW), which represents difficulties in remediation, is expressed as the remediation cost. FUW is estimated by using actual costs per unit volume of remediated soil. As an overall performance value, the rescue number for each remediation technology for contaminated ground (RNSOIL) is calculated by multiplication of the integral FTP(t) by FUW. Smaller values of RNSOIL are judged to indicate a better technology. The rescue index (RI), calculated as the ratio of the reduction of the integral FTP(t) to FUW, indicates the cost-effectiveness of the remediation technologies. Successful estimation of the indices (FTP(t), integral FTP(t), FUW, RNSOIL and RI) demonstrate the usefulness of these indices in risk communication.Part of this paper was presented at 13th meeting of Japan Society of Waste Management Experts (2002) 相似文献
9.
Takeo Kurihara Hideki Takami Takeharu Kosuge Susumu Chiba Masatsugu Iseda Takenori Sasaki 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):2095-2107
Increases of low-latitude species in various sea areas and poleward shifts of ranges of many species have been reported and
linked to warming environments. To examine the generality of these trends for mollusks, we conducted 7 quadrat surveys during
1978–2006 on Pacific rocky shores in Japan (26.6–45.0°N). Results showed that the dominance of southern species increased
on 11 of the 15 shores in a southern, warming sea area but on only 1 of the 6 shores in a northern area with no warming trend.
The latitudes of species ranges increased on average but showed large interspecific variations which showed a weak, positive
correlation with interspecific taxonomic distance. The differences of these results from the previously reported trends are
discussed in relation to the unique current patterns in our study area and the phylogenetic constraints of species-specific
responses to a warming environment. 相似文献
10.
Quantitative determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration was achieved by measuring the intrinsic catalase activity of E. coli using novel H2O2-selective organic/inorganic-hybrid sol-gel film-modified platinum (Pt) wire electrode. This hybrid sol-gel film is composed of three kinds of organosilanes and two biopolymers (i.e., chitosan and bovine serum albumin), and exhibited an excellent permselectivity toward H2O2 based on a size-exclusive mechanism. The steady-state anodic current for 100 [xmol/L H2O2 at +0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) solution was apparently diminished by the addition of E. coli samples, due to the decomposition of H2O2 by intrinsic catalase activity of E. coli. The time-dependent decrease in current (–AI/At) was significantly dependent on the E. coli concentration. The –AI/At was enhanced by the permeabilization pretreatment of E. coli samples with the mixed solution of polymyxin B and lysozyme. This H2O2-selective organic/inorganic-hybrid sol-gel film-modified platinum (Pt) wire electrode allowed quantitative determination of E. coli concentration ranging from 106 to 109 CFU/mL within 30 min. This method required no label and complicated procedure, and allowed rapid, simple and cost-effective quantitative electrochemical determination of catalase-positive bacteria. 相似文献