Options for Emission Allowance Allocation Under the Eu Emissions Trading Directive

The article investigates four alternative allocation schemes for emission allowances. The investigated schemes are emission-based allocation, production-based allocation with actor-specific emission factors, production-based allocation with benchmarking and production-based allocation based on data on best available technology (BAT). All the examined schemes apply free allocation based on historical activities. The allocation schemes are evaluated against the criteria for a National Allocation Plan, listed in the Annex III of the EU ETS Directive, and regarding their conformity with the criteria put forward by the Swedish Parliamentary Delegation on Flexible Mechanisms, The FlexMex 2 Commission. No allocation scheme unambiguously meets all criteria. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Emission-based allocation schemes are most straightforward, transparent and are the easiest to implement. Production-based allocation schemes meet more of the criteria, but are more costly to implement and require more data. Data on BAT will not be available to the extent necessary in order to base an allocation scheme implemented for the trading starting 2005 on BAT. It is unlikely that any given allocation scheme will be perceived as fair by all concerned parties, no matter how sophisticated it is. The overall characteristics of the studied allocation schemes are summarised in the paper. Due to the lack of abatement cost curves, it is not possible to accurately model capital flows between the trading sectors. Data availability will most probably limit the options available to the authorities designing the allocation schemes. An erratum to this article is available at .     

露天煤矿复垦土地的植物群落多样性与稳定性

随着科学技术的不断发展和进步,人类对自然的干扰越来越强,引发了许多环境问题,使生态系统在不断的退化。“生物多样性”已成为近年来生态学中最为集中的研究热点之一。本文以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例,讨论了露天煤矿复垦区的植物群落多样性与稳定性,旨在对矿区土地复垦与生态重建中的重合生态系统,提供了一定的理论依据。     

中国湖泊水资源问题与优化调控战略

湖泊水资源在国民经济和社会可持续发展中占有重要的位置,实施优化调控战略是中国湖泊水资源可持续开发利用的重要途径。文中扼要综述了中国湖泊水资源特点和开发利用中存在水资源短缺、湖泊水资源污染和相关问题,指出湖泊资源优化调控的思路是进行湖泊流域系统的综合调控,目前针对中国湖泊水资源问题的优化战略措施包括:实施湖泊水资源流域管理战略、建立流域节约型国民经济体系、增加科技投入并因地制宜实施环境整治、流域污染的全过程与全方位控制、实施环境教育战略。     

Impacts of land cover change on plant and bird species diversity in Hainan Island,China

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬａｎｄｃｏｖｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅｈａｓａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｉｍｐａｃｔｏｎｆｏｒｅｓｔｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅ．Ｔｈｅｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｉｖｅｈａｂｉｔａｔｓｉｓｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄａｓｏｎｅｏ...     

小型酱香型白酒企业锅底水——窖底水厌氧产甲烷及其替代锅炉燃煤的研究

对小型酱香型白酒企业锅底水、窖底水及其三者的混合液分别按中温厌氧、高温厌氧在实验室进行COD去除率及其沼气产率的条件试验.结果表明:在控制的HRT内,单独的锅底水、窖底水COD去除率均难以突破90%.高温厌氧,不同的窖底水与锅底水体积比试验条件下,体积比为1:5时,混合样的COD去除率最佳,可达91.7%;HRT 24...     

Correction to: the relative importance of subjective and structural factors for individual adaptation to climate change by forest owners in Sweden

Regional Environmental Change - The published online version contains mistake. Anna Maria Jönsson was inadvertently omitted in the author group section. Correct author group section is shown...     

Temporal change estimation of mercury concentrations in northern pike (Esox lucius L.) in Swedish lakes

Adequate temporal trend analysis of mercury (Hg) in freshwater ecosystems is critical to evaluate if actions from the human society have affected Hg concentrations ([Hg]) in fresh water biota. This study examined temporal change in [Hg] in Northern pike (Esox lucius L.) in Swedish freshwater lakes between 1994 and 2006. To achieve this were lake-specific, multiple-linear-regression models used to estimate pike [Hg], including indicator variables representing time and fish weight and their interactions. This approach permitted estimation of the direction and magnitude of temporal changes in 25 lakes selected from the Swedish national database on Hg in freshwater biota. A significant increase was found in 36% of the studied lakes with an average increase in pike [Hg] of 3.7 ± 6.7% per year that was found to be positively correlated with total organic carbon. For lakes with a significant temporal change the dataset was based on a mean of 30 fish, while for lakes with no temporal change it was based on a mean of 13 fish.     

Sodium borohydride reduction of individual polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Many chemicals in use today lack appropriate documentation on their environmental properties, fate, and effects. To counteract this lack of documentation it is vital to thoroughly investigate a compound’s fate in the environment before it comes into use. The present study is describing a novel method for assessing the reduction potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as a part of a project aimed to create an experimental model for determination of chemical persistence. The reductive transformation of 15 PBDE congeners using sodium borohydride was determined. Pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants of the transformations were determined by monitoring the disappearance of the investigated congeners. The reductions lead primarily to formation of lower brominated PBDEs. Each PBDE congener was tested in a total of ten replicates which showed a relative standard deviation of 31% or less. The decaBDE, BDE-209 was approximately 3 times as prone to reductive transformation as BDE-207. The three nonaBDEs, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208, showed similar reductive potential. The reactivity of the tested octaBDEs was quite variable, from 5% to 24% of the reactivity of BDE-209 for BDE-196 and BDE-198, respectively. The heptaBDEs studied were in the range of the less reactive octaBDEs, except for BDE-181 which was as high as 13% of the reactivity of BDE-209. The results presented give a method for measuring the propensity of PBDEs, and possibly similar compounds, to undergo reductions. They indicate a potential route to a vital piece of information in the assessment of environmental persistence of chemicals.     

青弋江流域不同级别河流底栖动物群落结构研究

2013年8月对青弋江流域不同级别河流底栖动物进行了调查。共采集到底栖动物60种,隶属于39科58属。从1级到4级河流,种类数表现出逐渐减少的趋势,分别为46、39、36和16种。1~3级河流中种类数最多的均是水生昆虫,4级河流中种类数最多的是软体动物。整个流域底栖动物密度和生物量分别为382 ind./m2和3643 g/m2。不同级别河流中,2级河流底栖动物密度最大,4级河流密度最小,且二者存在显著差异;2级和4级河流底栖动物生物量都较高,且显著高于1级河流。在功能摄食类群方面,整个流域以刮食者和过滤收集者为主。随着河流级别的增加,刮食者相对密度和相对生物量表现出先增加后下降的趋势;撕食者在1、2级河流所占比例较高;直接收集者和过滤收集者在1级和4级河流中所占比例较高     

Estimations of Real-World N2O Emissions from Road Vehicles by Means of Measurements in a Traffic Tunnel

Abstract

Ambient air measurements of N₂O, NO_x, CO, and HC based on grab sampling were conducted in a major traffic tunnel in Sweden, that carries up to 4,000 vehicles per hour, in order to estimate real-world emissions of N₂O for road traffic. Two different methods—relative and mass balance—were used to calculate a N₂O emission factor for the mixed vehicle fleet, which gave an average emission factor, at average speeds of 30-70 km/h, of approximately 25 mg N₂O/ km, with a range of 7-56 mg/km.