海南岛生态安全评价

从生态安全涵义理解出发,建立了包括资源依赖性、生态环境状态、生态系统服务功能三方面在内的区域生态安全评价体系,提出区域生态安全系数概念和计算方法,并以海南岛为例,评价了其陆地生态系统安全,得出海南陆地综合生态安全系数为0.610,其生态服务功能安全性较高(0.772),而资源依赖性安全系数最低(0.468)。从研究可知,海南岛生态安全整体情况比较好,尤其是在水土保持、自然灾害抵制、空气净化等方面,但其能源的自给能力、生物多样性维持以及生活垃圾和污水的处理等方面都存在很大的不安全隐患,应采取科学合理的措施加以改善,从而构建海南岛安全的生态系统,实现区域可持续发展。     

上海浦东垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰性质研究

研究了上海浦东新区垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰的物理和化学性质 .结果表明 :飞灰为含水率很低的灰色粉末 ,主要由Si,Al,Ca,Na ,K ,Mg ,Fe ,C和S组成 .飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度高于危险废物鉴别标准 ,为危险废物 .矿物组成主要为SiO2 ,Al2 SiO5,Na Cl,KCl,CaAl2 Si2 O8,Zn2 SiO4,CaCO3和CaSO4等 ;溶解盐含量高达 1 7 9%— 2 2 1 % ,酸中和能力约为 3 0meq·g- 1 — 6 0meq·g- 1 ,对环境pH变化的抵抗能力强 .     

An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord,Western Sweden

In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0524-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国高新技术产业发展水平格局演变及影响因素分析

运用AHP 熵权法、马尔科夫链和ESDA方法,在GIS技术支持下,基于中国高新技术产业31个空间单元2000、2005和2010年3个时间断面的数据,分析了高新技术产业发展水平的时空格局演变及其影响因素。研究结果表明：(1)高新技术产业发展水平的时序演变中各省区高新技术产业的发展差距在2000~2005与2005~2010年两时期中均不断扩大,尤以前一时期更甚,数据说明高水平的省份发展速度快于低水平省份,高水平省份才是我国高技术产业发展的主动力。省区间高新技术产业发展水平虽然整体上均在不断发展,但是区域间的差异不断扩大,出现强者愈强,弱者恒弱的“马太效应”;(2)发展水平指数处于高水平、较高水平省区集中在东部沿海地区,低水平省区向中西部除陕西以外的省区集聚的趋势增强,地域范围不断扩大,空间相关性较强,存在“俱乐部趋同”现象;(3)基础、经济、政策等传统因子在初期对高新技术产业发展的促进作用明显,随着产业逐步向更高层次发展,及政策环境的完善,传统因素的影响逐渐扁平化,而集聚、人力资本等新兴因素对高新技术产业的影响不断加强,区位因素的作用一直很明显,与高新技术产业的发展特征相吻合     

Short-Run Allocation of Emissions Allowances and Long-Term Goals for Climate Policy

We summarize the latest results on the rapid changes that are occurring to Arctic sea ice thickness and extent, the reasons for them, and the methods being used to monitor the changing ice thickness. Arctic sea ice extent had been shrinking at a relatively modest rate of 3–4% per decade (annually averaged) but after 1996 this speeded up to 10% per decade and in summer 2007 there was a massive collapse of ice extent to a new record minimum of only 4.1 million km². Thickness has been falling at a more rapid rate (43% in the 25 years from the early 1970s to late 1990s) with a specially rapid loss of mass from pressure ridges. The summer 2007 event may have arisen from an interaction between the long-term retreat and more rapid thinning rates. We review thickness monitoring techniques that show the greatest promise on different spatial and temporal scales, and for different purposes. We show results from some recent work from submarines, and speculate that the trends towards retreat and thinning will inevitably lead to an eventual loss of all ice in summer, which can be described as a ‘tipping point’ in that the former situation, of an Arctic covered with mainly multi-year ice, cannot be retrieved.     

九龙江流域河水溶解态碳的时空变化

为了研究九龙江流域河流中溶解碳变化规律,分别于2017年7月与2018年1月对九龙江河水溶解无机碳（DIC）与溶解有机碳（DOC）进行了分析。丰水季河水DIC浓度为7.50~49.04 mg/L,平均值为22.12 mg/L,枯水季DIC浓度为8.84~84.91 mg/L,平均浓度41.17 mg/L,丰水季河水中的DOC浓度为0.54~2.89 mg/L,平均值为1.04 mg/L,枯水季河水中DOC浓度变化在1.34~3.56 mg/L之间,平均值为2.34 mg/L,据此计算了九龙江河水DOC、DIC的入海通量。研究结果表明九龙江河水中溶解碳具有显著的时空变化特征,通过与中国其他河流溶解碳数据对比,解释了碳酸盐岩的风化、气候变化、河流中浮游植物以及人类活动对九龙江河流溶解碳浓度的影响。     

Mainstreaming climate adaptation: taking stock about “what works” from empirical research worldwide

Adaptation to a changing climate is unavoidable. Mainstreaming climate adaptation objectives into existing policies, as opposed to developing dedicated adaptation policy, is widely advocated for public action. However, knowledge on what makes mainstreaming effective is scarce and fragmented. Against this background, this paper takes stock of peer-reviewed empirical analyses of climate adaptation mainstreaming, in order to assess current achievements and identify the critical factors that render mainstreaming effective. The results show that although in most cases adaptation policy outputs are identified, only in a minority of cases this translates into policy outcomes. This “implementation gap” is most strongly seen in developing countries. However, when it comes to the effectiveness of outcomes, we found no difference across countries. We conclude that more explicit definitions and unified frameworks for adaptation mainstreaming research are required to allow for future research syntheses and well-informed policy recommendations.

     

Brominated phenols,anisoles, and dioxins present in blue mussels from the Swedish coastline

Introduction  

Naturally occurring hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), their methoxylated counterparts (MeO-PBDEs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), together with their potential precursors polybrominated phenols (PBPs) and polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), were analyzed in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) gathered along the east coast (bordering the Baltic Sea) and west coast of Sweden (bordering the North Sea). Brown algae (Dictyosiphon foenicolaceus) and cyanobacteria (Nodularia spumigena) from the Baltic Sea, considered to be among the primary producers of these compounds, were also analyzed for comparison.     

铁在黄河底泥上吸附-絮凝-沉降的研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了黄河底泥对水体中总铁的吸附,并研究了无机高分子絮凝剂(铁铝共聚物)对吸附产生的影响．结果表明,在黄河底泥对总铁的吸附过程中,pH值和底泥的浓度均会对吸附量产生很大影响．在其特征pH值吸附范围内,随着pH值的升高,吸附量相应增加．同时,在特定的pH值和底泥浓度下,随着总铁初始浓度的增加,吸附量也相应增加;而在总铁初始浓度不变的情况下,随着底泥浓度的增加,水体中平衡吸附量减少．结果还表明,絮凝剂的加入,可使黄河底泥对总铁的吸附量明显增加,从而提高水体中总铁的去除率．