北方地区农村清洁取暖技术适用性评价—以北京为例

为了切实改善区域大气环境质量,中国在北方地区大规模开展以煤改电、煤改气为主的农村清洁取暖改造工程,如何选择技术可行、经济上可接受的清洁取暖技术路径是清洁取暖改造可持续的关键问题。基于北京农村地区实地调研数据,从经济性和舒适性2个维度对4种农村清洁取暖技术进行适用性评价,总结出各种技术的适用条件,提出农村清洁取暖技术路径选择建议。结果表明：空气源热泵运行费用较低,舒适性较好,适合冬季温度不低于−20 ℃的各类区域;燃气壁挂炉运行费用略高于空气源热泵,舒适性较好,适合距离燃气管线或燃气站较近的平原、半山区地区,不同气候温度范围均适用;蓄能式电暖器运行费用较高,舒适性较差,适合冬季温度接近于城区的农村或城乡接合部、农宅面积较小的区域;地源热泵取暖最好结合政府资金支持项目实施,运行费用较低,舒适性较好,适合地质结构适宜建井,有足够空间进行地埋管的区域。建议农村清洁取暖工作立足长远,因地制宜地选择清洁取暖技术,着力降低农户清洁取暖运行成本,同时提高农村清洁取暖电力和天然气供应的可靠性。

     

基于控制单元划分的大辽河流域污染物空间分布及来源解析

为明确大辽河流域污染物特征及污染物来源,建立“流域—控制单元—行政区”空间拓扑关系,对2019年大辽河流域国控断面水质情况、各控制单元内污染物入河量及空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明：1）大辽河流域28个水质监测断面中,逐月水质均能达到《水污染防治行动计划》中考核目标的占29%,超标污染物以COD、NH₃-N为主,超标断面中,COD、NH₃-N主要来源为城镇生活源、农村生活源和分散式畜禽养殖,TP主要来源于不同土地利用类型污染源和城镇生活源;2）2019年COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP污染物入河量分别为59 195.5、3 115.5、18 229.7、538.3 t/a,从污染源贡献上看,总体呈现为城镇生活源>农村生活源>分散式畜禽养殖污染源>不同土地利用类型（含林地、草地、耕地、城镇用地）污染源>工业源>规模化畜禽养殖污染源;3）污染物入河量空间分布均呈现中部>西南部>东北部,其中控制单元C3、C6、C8、C11、C13、C15、C17是重点管控单元,以上重点管控单元中,COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP污染物入河量贡献率分别为68%、73%、77%、72%;4）污染物入河量估算结果与通量模拟值之间误差均小于20%,可用于研究区范围内污染负荷估算。

     

生态安全格局约束下长株潭都市圈建设用地演变模拟与管控

为探索生态安全格局下区域可持续发展模式,选取长株潭都市圈为研究对象,通过遥感数据识别2000—2020年建设用地变化情况,采用综合生态重要性评估模型和MCR（minimal cumulative resistance）模型构建都市圈生态安全格局,基于FLUS模型（future land use change scenario simulation model）设置自然发展(ND)、核心生态块保护(CEP)、生态安全格局约束(ESPR) 3种建设用地模拟情景,在模拟结果的基础上划定长株潭都市圈城镇开发边界。结果表明：2000—2020年长株潭都市圈建设用地扩张迅速,且由急速无序扩张转为缓速集中扩张;利用综合生态重要性评价得到极重要性生态用地共计2 649.54 km²,筛选得到生态源地共计1 204.38 km²,占研究区总面积的13.97%,并构建出长株潭都市圈综合生态安全格局;在ND、CEP、ESPR 3种情景模式下,2030年长株潭都市圈建设用地规模分别达到1 345.88、1 345.79和1 284.94 km²。基于ESPR情景划定城镇开发边界范围,可有效实现土地经济和生态效益的最大化,并为该地区的生态保护和土地利用规划提供参考。

     

平原感潮河网地区河道水体表观污染评价及来源解析

以佛山市大沥镇河道为研究对象,采用表观污染指数法及表观污染类型的分类方法,从污染程度和污染类型2个角度对平原感潮河网地区河道水体表观污染状况及污染源进行评价,并利用正定矩阵因子分解模型定量解析污染源。结果表明：佛山市大沥镇河道水体表观质量整体不佳,表观污染类型以混合主导型为主,夏季和晚春的表观污染程度重于早春。不同片区水体表观状况从优至劣依次为镇水围片区>白沙片区>盐联围片区>黄岐盐联围片区>谢边涌及香基河片区>泌冲片区>后海片区。退潮时段河道水体表观质量较差,且涨退潮对镇南部河道水体表观质量影响较大。不同表观污染类型河道的污染源类型及贡献率不同,有机主导型（黑臭）的主要污染源为点源污染（52.61%）;有机主导型（水华）的主要污染源为农业面源（35.98%）;营养主导型的主要污染源为种植业污染（51.43%）;无机主导型的主要污染源为地表径流（41.50%）。研究显示,大沥镇河道水体表观污染时空变化较为显著,不同表观污染类型的污染源具有差异性,需分类治理,从而改善水体表观状况。

     

Use of Market Data to Assess Bushmeat Hunting Sustainability in Equatorial Guinea

Abstract: Finding an adequate measure of hunting sustainability for tropical forests has proved difficult. Many researchers have used urban bushmeat market surveys as indicators of hunting volumes and composition, but no analysis has been done of the reliability of market data in reflecting village offtake. We used data from urban markets and the villages that supply these markets to examine changes in the volume and composition of traded bushmeat between the village and the market (trade filters) in Equatorial Guinea. We collected data with market surveys and hunter offtake diaries. The trade filters varied depending on village remoteness and the monopoly power of traders. In a village with limited market access, species that maximized trader profits were most likely to be traded. In a village with greater market access, species for which hunters gained the greatest income per carcass were more likely to be traded. The probability of particular species being sold to market also depended on the capture method and season. Larger, more vulnerable species were more likely to be supplied from less‐accessible catchments, whereas there was no effect of forest cover or human population density on probability of being sold. This suggests that the composition of bushmeat offtake in an area may be driven more by urban demand than the geographic characteristics of that area. In one market, traders may have reached the limit of their geographical exploitation range, and hunting pressure within that range may be increasing. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to model the trade filters that bias market data, which opens the way to developing more robust market‐based sustainability indices for the bushmeat trade.     

Assessing Sustainability at Multiple Scales in a Rotational Bushmeat Hunting System

Abstract: Results of many studies show unsustainable levels of bushmeat hunting across West/Central Africa. Nevertheless, these results are usually derived from snapshot sustainability indices in which critical parameters are often taken from the literature. Simple, more informative tools for assessing sustainability are needed. We evaluated the impact of bushmeat hunting across a range of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic scales in a comparison of different measures of sustainability. Over 15 months in 2002–2004 in and around a village close to Equatorial Guinea's Monte Alén National Park, we collected data via a village offtake survey, hunter‐camp bushmeat‐consumption diaries, hunter interviews, and following hunters during hunts. We compared 2003 data with a previous offtake survey (1998–1999) and interview reports back to 1990. In the past 14 years, average distance from the village at which hunters operated remained constant, with hunters switching back and forth between long‐established camps, although trapping effort increased. In the past 5 years, overall offtake and number of active hunters did not change substantially, although catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased slightly. Although the proportion of the two most commonly trapped species (Cephalophus monticola and Atherurus africanus) and gun‐hunted primates increased in the offtake, species presumably less robust to trapping decreased slightly. Apparent sustainability in economic terms may be masking gradual local extirpation of more vulnerable species before and during this study. Our results suggest that changes in prey profiles and CPUE may be the most accurate indicators of actual sustainability; these indices can be monitored with simple village‐based offtake surveys and hunter interviews to improve community management of bushmeat hunting.     

Determination of Commonly Used Herbicides in Surface Water Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Dual-Column HPLC-DAD

The present study describes the application of different solid-phase extraction techniques for the extraction, separation, and quantitative determination of 10 commonly used herbicides with different chemical structures (chlorsulfuron, diuron, bentazone, linuron, chlorpropham, fenoxoprop-ethyl, MCPA, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, trifluraline) in water. Octadecyl (C₁₈) Empore extraction disks, octadecyl (C₁₈), and stryene divinylbenzene (SDB) Bond Elut Env cartridges were compared for solid-phase extraction efficiency. Herbicides were separated and quantified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) with simultaneous separation on two columns of differing polarity (C₁₈ and CN) to confirm identification. Analytical separation was performed simultaneously on C₁₈ and CN columns. Reanalysis of the sample extracts on a (cyano) CN column were used to confirm the identity of these compounds. Method optimization and validation parameters were presented in this work. Recoveries varied from 76.0% to 99.0% for C₁₈ disks, from 75.1% to 100.0% for C₁₈ cartridges, and from 54.0% to 98.0% for SDB cartridges over concentrations at 0.025–0.4 μg L^?1. The limits of detection were 0.012–0.035 μg L^?1.     

Monitoring The Turbidity and Surface Temperature Changes and Effects of the 17 August 1999 Earthquake in the İzmİt Gulf,Turkey by the Landsat TM/ETM Data

The temporal turbidity and surface temperature changes and effects of the 17 August 1999 earthquake in the İzmit Gulf, Turkey have been investigated using Landsat TM/ETM data. The gulf is in the Mediterranean–Black Sea transition climatic zone and is partially surrounded by green vegetation cover and degraded and densely urbanized-industrialized areas. Landsat TM/ETM data acquired in 1990–1999 confirms increase in turbidity. Turbidity is always low in the southern part and high in the northern part of the gulf, because the more urbanized and industrialized areas are located in the northern part. The Landsat-7 ETM data acquired in the same year (1999) shows seasonal changes in turbidity. Moreover, the two high turbidity and surface temperature anomalies, one of which is parallel to the 17 August 1999 earthquake surface rupture (east–west) and the other which is in the northwest–southeast direction were mapped from Landsat-5 TM data acquired the day (18.08.1999) following the earthquake in the east end of the gulf. On the basis of turbidity implying the sea bottom movement, it is possible to state that a second rupture in the northwest and southeast direction could have occurred at the sea bottom during the earthquake. The distribution of the seismicity centers and the orientation of the lineaments in the area support this finding.