海南岛三大流域“十三五”水质变化特征及“十四五”趋势预测

为服务海南自由贸易港水生态环境保护,基于海南省地表水环境质量监测网监测数据,对海南岛南渡江、昌化江、万泉河三大流域“十三五”期间水质状况、主要污染物浓度、综合污染指数变化进行了分析,采用Spearman秩相关系数研判其污染变化特征,并采用均值GM(1,1)模型（EGM）预测“十四五”期间水质变化趋势。结果表明：“十三五”期间,海南岛三大流域水质状况总体呈稳中向好趋势,南渡江、万泉河流域水质优良比例分别上升至96.3%、100%,昌化江流域水质优良比例保持在100%;三大流域COD_Mn、COD_Cr、氨氮、总磷浓度年均值均处于较低水平,低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类标准限值,其中COD_Cr年均值均低于Ⅰ类标准限值,“十三五”期间除氨氮浓度下降外,其他指标均有不同程度的上升或波动,上升幅度为6.7%~23.8%;干流综合污染指数均小幅下降,下降幅度为0.03~0.04,主要支流综合污染指数自上游到下游呈波动上升的空间变化特征。EGM预测结果表明,“十四五”期间海南岛三大流域干流和绝大部分支流水质综合污染指数呈上升趋势,最大上升幅度达108.3%,三大流域水环境仍面临较大的压力,尤其是支流汇入带来的污染负荷不容忽视。“十四五”期间,应以系统保护思路,落实“六水共治”“一河一策”等措施,进一步改善三大流域水质。

     

洱海流域农业面源污染空间分布特征及分类控制策略

作为典型的高原坝区农业型流域,洱海流域农业面源污染严重,威胁洱海水质.以洱海流域为研究对象,综合数理分析及GIS技术,开展流域农业面源污染负荷分析及评价,使用排污系数法估算了2018年洱海流域农村生活、畜禽养殖业和种植业污染中COD（化学耗氧量）、TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）的排放负荷,并通过等标污染负荷法在GIS空间分析反映流域内污染排放分布情况.结果表明:①2018年洱海流域农业面源主要污染物COD、TN、TP的排放量分别为11 188.20、2 752.56和259.33 t.COD排放量主要来自畜禽养殖,TN与TP的排放量均主要来自种植业.②洱海流域农业面源主要污染物COD、TN、TP等标污染负荷分别为559.41、2 752.56和1 296.63 m3/a.种植业等标污染负荷在总等标污染负荷中的占比最高,为36.40%,其次是畜禽养殖业,为34.44%.③各乡镇的等标污染负荷差异较大,等标污染负荷范围为（286.16±150.67）m3/a,等标污染负荷强度范围（0.13±0.067）m3/a.④聚类分析结果表明,洱海流域农业面源污染可分为种植业主导型、种植业高污染型、生活污染主导型和畜禽养殖业主导高污染型等4种类型.研究显示:来源于种植业的面源污染是洱海流域水环境保护需要控制的首要污染源,TN是需要控制的首要污染物;排放量与等标污染负荷的空间分布特征均呈流域北部乡镇污染物排放量较高,但流域西部各乡镇排放强度较大的特征;流域内各乡镇防治面源污染需要针对其污染来源特点分别采取推进种养平衡、推广绿色种植、分区控制农田径流以及推进农村生活污水治理等分类控制策略.      

晋城市能源优化发展对策研究

能源消耗与大气环境质量息息相关,研究京津冀及周边地区能源发展对策对大气污染治理具有重要意义。利用线性回归分析、对比分析等方法对晋城市能源发展现状及问题进行研究,结果表明:晋城市能源消费结构以煤炭为主,2017年煤炭消费量为1 176万t,占一次能源消费量的76.2%;2015—1017年煤炭消费量持续降低,2017年比2015年减少258万t,煤炭消费占比降低14.7个百分点;到2020年,煤炭消费占比将继续下降,但仍占主导,天然气消费占比大幅上升。晋城市能源消费总量持续增长但增速下降,能源消费强度较大但能效水平不断提升;从区域分布来看,泽州县能源消费总量和能源消费强度最高,节能潜力较大。化学原料及化学制品制造业,电力、热力的生产和供应业能源消费量占67%,且能源消费强度远远高于全国同行业平均水平。民用燃烧、电力、工业锅炉等能源相关重点源对大气污染物排放贡献较大。晋城市应重点从锅炉改造、清洁供热等能源工程措施,煤炭减量化、发展可再生能源等能源结构措施,能源环境经济政策、企业能效管理等能源管理措施对重点行业和重点地区加强节能减排改造,实现能源与环境的可持续发展。     

Characterization and pollution potential assessment of Tunceli, Turkey municipal solid waste open dumping site leachates

Environmental monitoring of leachate quality from an open municipal solid waste dumping site in Tunceli, Turkey was studied in this research. The most commonly examined pollution parameters were determined on a seasonal basis. The annual average 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of station points were measured as 70 and 425 mg/L, respectively, and also the average BOD₅/COD ratio (a measure of biodegradability) was calculated as 0.20. The low ratio of biodegradability and slightly alkaline pH values in the leachate samples indicated that the site was characterized by methanogenic conditions. The mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) and corresponding phosphate (orthophosphate) values were assayed as 70 and 11 mg/L, respectively. The average solids content in the leachates was measured as 4,681 mg/L (total solids) and 144 mg/L (suspended solids). Very low concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in the leachate samples were found and the concentration of cadmium was measured below detection limits. Excessive amount of nutrients and high organic and inorganic pollutant content in the leachates pose serious pollution potential to the environment. Since no drainage system or bio treatment exists in this open dumping site, high permeability of natural soil at the site and in the surrounding area and very fractured and crackled rocks under natural soil are indicators of high groundwater pollution potential in this site.     

山水林田湖草思想的理论内涵及生态保护修复实践——以广西左右江流域工程试点为例

对习近平总书记“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”思想的理论内涵进行了解读,并以广西壮族自治区左右江流域山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点为例,进行山水林田湖草生态保护修复实践探索。对左右江流域的区位特征及生态环境问题进行了分析,表明该流域为典型的喀斯特岩溶地貌区,目前石漠化与水土流失问题突出,许多矿山生态破坏和环境污染历史遗留问题亟待解决,生物多样性保护现状堪忧。以流域清水产流机制为理论依据,明确了其山水林田湖草生态保护修复的总体思路与绩效目标,将流域分为山地水源涵养与生物多样性保护区、丘陵水土流失与石漠化治理区、平原污染源控制与环境综合整治区、湿地和水体生态保护与修复区4个功能区,分别提出不同功能区的修复方案;工程试点方案实施1年多,取得了较好的效果,实现了经济效益、社会效益、生态效益良好结合,可为类似项目的实施提供借鉴。     

Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik

Different sources of pollution in Karasu Creek were investigated to obtain the water quality and ratio of contamination in this region. To achieve the main objectives of the present study, water samples were collected from Karasu Creek, starting from flow pattern at the upstream site of Akkaya Dam to the end of the dam, crossing the place where the Creek drains into. Dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, temperature and maximum/minimum pH were measured systematically for 12 months in the stations, where the water samples were collected. Chemical analyses of the water samples were carried out by using Cadas 50 S brand UV spectrometer to find out the Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, S, F and Cn concentrations. These concentration were determined in μg/lt as 80–850; 180–4,920; 10–6,100; 440–25,530; 130–2,400; 120–280; 20–150; 214,250–1,113,580; 1,560–4,270 and 40–690, respectively. To determine metal levels of the water samples, multivariate analyses (element coefficient correlation, coefficient correlation dendrogram, hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram, model summary and ANOVA) were used. The analyses yielded highly accurate results. There were positive correlations between some elements and their possible sources were the same. The stations which resembled each other along the creek were divided into three groups. The water quality of the creek was low and had toxic qualities. Eutrophication developed in Akkaya Dam along the creek. The source of pollution was thought to be industrial and residential wastes. Absolute (0–100 m), short distance (100–500 m) and medium distance (500–2,000 m) conservation areas should be determined in pollution areas along Karasu Creek and they should be improved.     

A decision support system for assessing landfill performance

Designing environmentally sound landfills is a challenging engineering task due to complex interactions of numerous design variables; such as landfill size, waste characteristics, and site hydrogeology. Decision support systems (DSS) can be utilized to handle these complex interactions and to aid in a performance-based landfill design by coupling system simulation models (SSM). The aim of this paper is to present a decision support system developed for a performance-based landfill design. The developed DSS is called Landfill Design Decision Support System – LFDSS. A two-step DSS framework, composed of preliminary design and detailed design phases, is set to effectively couple and run the SSMs and calculation modules. In preliminary design phase, preliminary design alternatives are proposed using general site data. In detailed design phase, proposed design alternatives are further simulated under site-specific data using SSMs for performance evaluation. LFDSS calculates the required landfill volume, performs landfill base contour design, proposes preliminary design alternatives based on general site conditions, evaluates the performance of the proposed designs, calculates the factor of safety values for slope stability analyses, and performs major cost calculations. The DSS evaluates the results of all landfill design alternatives, and determines whether the design satisfies the predefined performance criteria. The DSS ultimately enables comparisons among different landfill designs based on their performances (i.e. leachate head stability, and groundwater contamination), constructional stability and costs. The developed DSS was applied to a real site, and the results demonstrated the strengths of the developed system on designing environmentally sound and feasible landfills.     

芬顿调理对含铅工业污泥电渗透脱水减量效果的影响

针对铅酸电池厂含铅工业污泥难以脱水减量的问题,利用污泥中存在的Fe²⁺进行芬顿调理预处理,探究H₂O₂添加量对后续污泥电渗透脱水减量化效果的影响。结果表明：芬顿调理预处理会打破污泥中部分絮体,使污泥黏度由18.0 mPa·s降至4.7 mPa·s,污泥中部分无机离子在脱水过程中从污泥固相体系进入滤液中,造成后续电渗透脱水剩余泥饼的含水率由82.72%降至69.34%,挥发性悬浮物含量增加约30%。相对于原始污泥直接进行脱水,采用优化的H₂O₂添加量调理污泥可促进后续的污泥电渗透脱水减量66.20%,同时污泥干基中铅含量由265.2 g/kg提高到453.6 g/kg,这有利于污泥的后续资源化利用或无害化填埋处理。

     

含氮VOCs催化氧化处理侧线试验研究

对某分子筛生产企业焙烧炉排放的废气开展催化氧化侧线试验研究,考察了在不同反应温度和催化剂床层空速条件下,催化氧化对烃类、含氮VOCs以及CO的去除效果,并重点考察了不同试验条件下NO_x的产生量。结果表明:在催化剂的作用下,催化氧化技术能在275~325 ℃的较低温度下有效去除废气中的非甲烷总烃、CO和含氮VOCs等有害组分,污染物去除率达95%以上,且NO_x可达标排放。