桥梁结构安全性设计若干问题的思考

2004年以来,笔者一直在从事桥梁施工阶段的监理工作.在施工监理过程中,发现影响桥梁使用安全性、耐久性方面存在着若干问题,原因涉及到设计、施工和监理等方方面面.本文仅从设计方面的若干问题进行分析,并提出一些对策措施.     

国际远洋船舶压舱水中的硅藻研究

应用新型压舱水采样器采集了5艘进入厦门港的国际远洋船舶14个压舱水水样,通过对样品中硅藻的分析、鉴定,共发现硅藻37属111种(包括变种和休止孢子),其中赤潮种28种,潜在有毒种1种,非本海域种6种:Stepharopyxis turris;Chaetoceros convoluts;C.crinitus;C.aurivilliis;C.neocompactum;C.subsalsum。各样品中硅藻丰度值在0.08×103/L～5.96×103/L之间,种类数(已定种)在6～36之间。结合硅藻组成和丰度可以推断压舱水的可能交换地。与前人的研究结果对比反映出压舱水可能导致新的外来有害生物入侵的潜在危害性,相关职能部门应加强压舱水的监管工作。     

我国现行清洁生产审核程序的不足及改进建议

结合企业实施清洁生产的案例,指出我国现行清洁生产审核程序存在的若干不足之处,并参考ISO14001：2004标准,对该程序提出相应改进建议。     

突发公共卫生事件下多阶段应急救援物资配置研究*

为提高突发公共卫生事件背景下应急救援物资分配效率,减少人员伤亡与经济损失,以应急物资需求未满足所导致的损失最小及物资分配总距离最短为目标,研究重大公共卫生事件爆发后不同阶段下应急物资分配问题。构建优化模型,并通过某城市中13个物资需求点的应急物资分配案例验证模型的科学性与合理性。结果表明:本文方法能有效解决动态需求下应急物资分配问题,为解决突发公共卫生事件下应急物资配置提供参考和借鉴。     

复合绝缘子与瓷质绝缘子自然积污特性研究

了研究复合绝缘子与瓷质绝缘子积污特性的区别,选取宁夏典型地区的输电杆塔,对积污期为1年的2种绝缘子的等值附盐密度及等值附灰密度进行了测量和对比分析。研究结果表明:复合绝缘子的积污量明显高于瓷质绝缘子,在污秽中含有金属粉尘的环境中,变电站及输电线路在积污严重情况下极有可能发生污闪,对于此类地区,选用复合绝缘子时应慎重考虑。     

天津华汇工程建筑设计有限公司

天津华汇工程建筑设计有限公司（HHD）,1995年成立于天津,是具有国家建筑甲级、规划乙级设计资质和一类施工图审查（超限）资质的综合性建筑设计单位,2002年通过ISO9001国际质量认证。     

城市污水管网中产甲烷菌的分布特性规律

实验通过一套1 200 m的PVC管式反应器来模拟城市污水管网,利用气相色谱法、液相色谱法和454高通量测序等手段,研究了城市污水管网中产甲烷过程中的物质变化和产甲烷菌分布特性规律.结果表明,管网中甲烷含量沿程升高,说明管网中存在产甲烷菌;产甲烷菌主要包含甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)和甲烷杆菌科中的菌属(Methanobacteriaceae_unclassified)这3种优势菌属,且在管网800~1 000 m处有广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)取代甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)成为第一优势菌属的演替现象;管网中产甲烷可利用基质有甲酸、甲醇、甲胺、乙酸,其中乙酸为主要基质,这些基质在管网中先增加后降低的变化趋势导致了管网中产甲烷菌演替现象的发生.     

Temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of sunshine duration over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Based on observation data of daily sunshine duration from 1961 to 2020 at 175 meteorological observation stations over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, spatial transformation analysis, climate trend analysis and M-K mutation test were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal and annual sunshine duration in the region in the last 60 years. The results show that (1) annual average sunshine duration was 2 323 h, the maximum was 3 487 h in Gaer, Tibet, and the minimum was 771 h in Ya'an, Sichuan. The high-value areas were mostly located in western Tibet, northern Qinghai, western Gansu, and Xinjiang, and the low-value areas were mostly located in Nyingchi in Tibet, the mountainous area on the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, and northwestern Yunnan. The highest sunshine duration was recorded in winter (631 h), and the lowest was recorded in autumn (555 h) among the four seasons. (2) The average decrease in annual sunshine duration was 10.27 h/10 a. The largest rates of decrease were mainly in Gannan of Gansu and Ganzi of Sichuan, with the largest rate of decrease of 130 h/10 a. The areas with large rates of increase were mainly in Hotan area of Xinjiang, Liangshan of Sichuan and Lhasa of Tibet, with the largest increase of 61 h/10 a. Among the four seasons, spring exhibited an upward trend, and the remainder exhibited a downward trend. (3) Before 2017, the annual sunshine duration increased but declined after 2017. Spring sunshine duration had the largest number of mutation years, and the earliest mutation time was 1963. Winter had the fewest number of mutation years and the latest mutation time occurred in 2015. In summary, the annual and seasonal sunshine duration of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau vary greatly in space, but with the general characteristics of more sunshine in the northwest and less in the southeast, and sunshine hours were mainly decreasing, with 2017 as a mutation point of annual sunshine duration. Most areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have great potential for photosynthetic production and are suitable for the development of light-loving plants and high-density planting. Shade-loving or shade-tolerant plants, including tea, are suitable for development in remote mountainous areas with low sunshine values in the western part of the basin, including Ya’an, Sichuan, and other areas, such as Medog, Tibet. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

污水厂二级出水中难凝聚有机物的臭氧化特性

以城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水,研究臭氧化处理对水中难凝聚有机物的去除效果.结果表明单独混凝对水中有机物的去除率较低,混凝过程中未被去除的有机物属于难凝聚有机物,加入臭氧进行氧化,随着臭氧投加量的增加,二级出水色度和UV254去除率逐渐增大,而DOC去除率变化较小.当臭氧投加量(以O3/DOC计)增加至1.5 mg·mg-1时,色度、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为45%、34%和20%,说明臭氧易于与不饱和结构有机物反应,而直接氧化的矿化能力较弱.为进一步明确二级出水有机物种类和含量的变化,测定了混凝和不同臭氧投加量下有机物的相对分子质量和三维荧光光谱.结果表明混凝对有机物含量的影响很小,而臭氧能够优先氧化分解难凝聚有机物中的大分子物质,明显减弱腐殖质类物质的荧光峰强度,但不改变荧光峰位置.同时采用光电子能谱分析有机物结构的变化规律,结果表明混凝能够去除含羧基类官能团有机物,而臭氧则易于与含苯环类难凝聚有机物反应,随着臭氧投加量的增大,脂肪类饱和有机物含量有所升高.     

五氯酚的臭氧催化氧化特性

通过五氯酚(PCP)的Fe2+/O3催化氧化实验研究了其臭氧催化氧化特性,结果表明,PCP在反应5 min后几乎可以完全分解,但是TOC在反应30 min后的去除率只有50%左右,说明PCP不能被彻底氧化分解.通过对Cl-浓度的分析可知,伴随着PCP的氧化分解,苯环上的Cl会逐渐从苯环上释放到溶液中,而紫外吸光度值随反应时间的变化说明了臭氧催化氧化可以使得PCP中的苯环打开,将含有不饱和键的有机物转变成饱和的有机物.GC-MS分析结果表明,PCP的臭氧催化氧化首先是苯环的脱氯过程,随着反应的进行,苯环被打开,形成酯、醛、酸、氯代烷等小分子物质,最后被分解成CO2和H2O.