谈加班费举证责任分配

在劳动争议纠纷中,加班费纠纷的处理既是热点问题,也是难点问题。劳动者主张存在加班事实进而要求用人单位支付未支付或未足额支付的加班费,但用人单位则否认加班事实的存在并拒绝支付加班费。这类纠纷的关键在于如何分配加班费的证明责任。最高人民法院《关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律若干问题的解释（三）》（下称《解释三》）第九条规定,劳动者主张加班费的,     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A²/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳。在充分分析传统A²/O工艺的基础上，提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面，厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A²/O工艺。某污水厂的现场试验表明，在COD去除能力与常规A²/O工艺相当的情况下，倒置A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A²/O工艺。     

pH对沟渠沉积物截留农田排水沟渠中氮、磷的影响研究

通过摇瓶动态实验和箱体静止实验,研究了不同pH条件下沟渠沉积物对农田流失氮、磷的截留效应,分析了pH对氮、磷截留效应及其界面交换作用的影响.结果表明:在实验pH变化范围内,沟渠沉积物对NH 4-N的吸附量和NO-2-N的硝化量以及对TN的截留率都是随着pH的增加而增加;沟渠沉积物对总溶解性磷(TDP)的吸附量随着pH的增加而增加,TP的截留率在5 d前随pH的增加而增加,但在此后基本不发生变化;在不同的pH下,通过影响微生物的活动直接或间接影响氮的界面交换行为,同时pH通过影响沉积物的吸附作用和离子交换作用来影响磷在沉积物-水界面的交换行为.阐明pH对沟渠沉积物氮、磷截留效应的影响有助于掌握氮、磷在农田排水沟渠中的迁移转化机理,从而对控制农业面源污染具有重要的意义.     

二苯卡巴肼分光光度法测定水中Cr^6＋方法的改进

采用含EDTA的二苯卡巴肼显色剂测定水样中Cr^6＋,并且将（1＋1）硫酸和（1＋1）磷酸等体积配成混合酸,显色时加入1 mL混合酸与2 mL显色剂.与原方法相比,延长了显色剂的存放时间,简化了操作步骤,且保证了实验的精密度和准确度.     

Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China

We investigated concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, and Cr in samples of soil, cereal, and vegetables from Yangzhong district, China. Compared to subsoils, the sampled topsoils are enriched in Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As. High levels of Cd and Hg are observed in most agricultural soils. Concentrations of Cr and Ni show little spatial variation, and high Cu, Pb, and Zn contents correspond well to areas of urban development. High As contents are primarily recorded at the two ends of the sampled alluvion. The contents of Cd, Hg, and total organic carbon (TOC) increase gradually to maximum values in the upper parts of soil profiles, while Cr and Ni occur in low concentrations within sampled profiles. As, Pb, Cu, and Zn show patterns of slight enrichment within the surface layer. Compared to data obtained in 1990, Cd and Hg show increased concentrations in 2005; this is attributed to the long-term use of agrochemicals. Cr and Ni contents remained steady over this interval because they are derived from the weathering of parent material and subsequent pedogenesis. The measured As, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents show slight increases over time due to atmospheric deposition of material sourced from urban anthropogenic activity. Low concentrations of heavy metals are recorded in vegetables and cereals because the subalkaline environment of the soil limits their mobility. Although the heavy metal concentrations measured in this study do not pose a serious health risk, they do affect the quality of agricultural products.     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG^o (−0.8– −4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH^o (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS^o (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr(III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E_a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

膨润土对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为了探讨膨润土钝化修复镉(Cd)污染土壤对水稻幼苗生理生化特性的响应,通过盆栽试验研究了膨润土对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗地上部生物量,叶片叶绿素含量,SOD、POD活性以及MDA含量的影响.结果表明,膨润土在不同程度上提高了水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,促进了水稻幼苗的生长和发育,地上部生物量随膨润土投加量的增加而增大.单一Cd污染土壤中,水稻幼苗叶片SOD活性变化不明显,而幼苗根系SOD活性随Cd浓度的增加而显著降低(P＜0.05),投加膨润土后整体上提高了根系SOD活性.单一Cd污染土壤中,水稻幼苗叶片和根系POD活性随Cd浓度的增加而均呈现先应激性升高然后降低的变化趋势,投加膨润土后叶片POD活性有所降低,而5 ～50 g·kg-1膨润土处理显著提高根系POD活性(P＜0.05),比未投加膨润土处理分别增加13.2％ ～22.4％、4.9％ ～9.5％、44.8％～80.6％和6.9％～49.6％.单一Cd污染土壤中,水稻幼苗叶片和根系MDA含量随着Cd浓度的升高而升高,与无Cd胁迫对照相比,分别增加139.0％和158.1％;投加膨润土处理水稻幼苗MDA含量显著降低,膜脂过氧化作用明显减弱.因此,膨润土能有效缓解Cd胁迫对水稻幼苗的毒害作用,可用于Cd污染土壤的钝化修复.     

大气氟化物测定──滤膜、氟离子选择电极法研究验证报告

大气氟化物测定──滤膜、氟离子选择电极法研究验证报告武夏萍,徐新民,胡强宁,康允昌（内蒙包头市环境监测站,０１４０３０）、（内蒙包头市环境保护局）１．大气氟化物测定方法简介国内外使用的环境大气中氟化物的测定方法有：氟化物自动测定装置、双滤膜法、双纸带...     

水质总氮测定中的有关问题探讨

对总氮测定中的一系列影响因素,诸如实验用水,器皿的洗涤,实验室环境试剂的提纯、配制和保存,消解温度、压力和时间的控制,以及高氨氮水样中的总氮测定、总氮、总磷的同时测定和其他有关的问题,作了较为详细的探讨,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

棉纺印染类项目环境影响评价工作要点探析

总结了棉纺印染类项目常规生产工艺、产污环节及其特性,并剖析其项目环境影响评价工作中的常见问题与不足,从污染防治、清洁生产、循环经济及环境管理等方面出发,介绍了搞好棉纺印染类项目环境影响评价工作的要点。