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21.
32 species of wild mushrooms were analysed by neutron activation for their silver and eight other trace element contents (Ag, Au, As, Cd, Cs, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn). In all 9 samples of 6 species of Agaricus, high silver concentrations of 10 to 133 ug.g?1 (dry weight), median 30 ug.g?1, were found. Puffballs also contained more silver than other species, and also the edible boletus; i.e. those species known to accumulate Hg and Cd. Gold levels tended to be higher where silver was higher, and resembled concentrations in green plants growing on gold mineralisation. Some fungi can accumulate up to 150 ug.g?1 of caesium. 相似文献
22.
Thomas R. R. Johnston David E. Kromm James M. Byrne 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(3):737-750
ABSTRACT: In southern Alberta, as elsewhere, pressures on limited water supplies are increasing. Not surprisingly, a great deal of attention has been focused on irrigated agriculture, which accounts for the largest share of water consumed in the region. In order to meet broadly accepted water conservation goals, some commentators have suggested that irrigation water use should be metered and that irrigators should be charged based on the amount of water used. An alternative proposal would have water management authorities rely upon the perceived adaptability of irrigators. This paper offers a perspective on the willingness of irrigators to conserve water. Based on a survey of 183 irrigation farmers conducted over the summer and early fall of 1998, we found that irrigators are generally aware of the need to conserve water and soil moisture, and that a variety of water conserving strategies were being employed. Water saving technologies specific to irrigation agriculture were less widely adopted. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential to reduce the amount of water consumed by the irrigation sector through increased efficiency, but that change will be limited if current economic circumstances and institutional arrangements persist. 相似文献
23.
M. Byrne T. A. A. Prowse M. A. Sewell S. Dworjanyn J. E. Williamson D. Vaïtilingon 《Marine Biology》2008,155(5):473-482
Lipid and protein biochemistry of eggs (84 μm in diameter), embryos and early larvae of the tropical echinoid Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus 1758) were quantified to determine how maternal provisions are used to fuel development of the echinopluteus. The
eggs contained a mean of 30.82 ng lipid and 87.32 ng protein. Energetic lipids were the major lipid component (55.52% of total
lipid) with the major class being triglyceride (TG: mean 15.9 ng, 51.58% of total). Structural lipid was dominated by phospholipid
(PL: mean 11.18 ng, 36.26% of total). Early embryogenesis was not a major drain on egg energetic lipid and protein. Development
of the functional feeding larva used ca. 50% of initial egg energetic lipid and most of this was TG. Maternal TG was still
present in the 8-day echinoplutei and it was estimated that this energetic lipid would be depleted in unfed larvae by day
10. There was no change in PL. In a separate experiment lipid biochemistry of rudiment stage larvae and early developing juveniles
were quantified to determine how lipids are used during metamorphosis. Fed larvae accumulated lipid (mean 275.49 ng) with
TG and PL being the major energetic and structural lipids, respectively. Larval lipid stores were not appreciably depleted
by metamorphosis and so were available for the early benthic stage juvenile. Juveniles started their benthic existence with
314 ng total lipid (TG: mean 46.84 ng, 14.9% of total, PL: mean 137.51 ng, 43.67% of total). Nile Red histochemistry and histology
showed that the stomach serves as a nutrient storage organ and, that lipid stores accrued by larvae sustain developing juveniles
for up to 4 days post settlement. Triglyceride supported both non-feeding stages of development and the prefeeding larval
and perimetamorphic benthic stage. In this first study of lipid stores in settlement stage echinoderm larvae, we show that
T. gratilla larvae sequester the same major energetic lipid (TG) to support the early juvenile that the female parent provided them to
fuel early development. 相似文献
24.
Cristiane?C?sar Richard?Byrne Robert?J.?Young Klaus?ZuberbühlerEmail author 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(5):653-667
Upon encountering predators, many animals produce specific vocalisations that alert others and sometimes dissuade the predators
from hunting. Callicebus monkeys are known for their large vocal repertoire, but little is known about the function and meaning of most call types.
We recorded a large number of natural predator responses from five different groups of black-fronted titi monkeys in their
Atlantic forest habitat in South Eastern Brazil. When detecting predatory threats, adult group members responded with call
sequences that initially consisted of two brief, high-pitched calls with distinct frequency contours. Call A was mainly given
to raptors but also to predatory capuchin monkeys and other threats within the canopy, while call B was given to predatory
or non-predatory disturbances on the ground. In later parts of the sequences, we also recorded a high-pitched unmodulated
call C and various low-pitched loud calls. Results therefore suggest that calls A and B provide listeners with rapid and reliable
information about the general classes of danger experienced by the caller, while obtaining more specific information through
other call types and combinations and behavioural responses. We discuss these findings in relation to current evolutionary
theory of primate communication. 相似文献
25.
Maria Byrne Natalie A. Soars Melanie A. Ho Eunice Wong David McElroy Paulina Selvakumaraswamy Symon A. Dworjanyn Andrew R. Davis 《Marine Biology》2010,157(9):2061-2069
Climate change driven ocean acidification and hypercapnia may have a negative impact on fertilization in marine organisms
because of the narcotic effect these stressors exert on sperm. In contrast, warmer, less viscous water may have a positive
influence on sperm swimming speed and so ocean warming may enhance fertilization. To address questions on future vulnerabilities
we examined the interactive effects of near-future ocean warming and ocean acidification/hypercapnia on fertilization in intertidal
and shallow subtidal echinoids (Heliocidaris erythrogramma, H. tuberculata, Tripneustes gratilla, Centrostephanus rodgersii), an asteroid (Patiriella regularis) and an abalone (Haliotis coccoradiata). Batches of eggs from multiple females were fertilized by sperm from multiple males in all combinations of three temperature
and three
\textpH/P\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} treatments. Experiments were placed in the setting of projected near-future conditions for southeast Australia, an ocean
change hot spot. There was no significant effect of warming and acidification on the percentage of fertilization. These results
indicate that fertilization in these species is robust to temperature and
\textpH/P\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} fluctuation. This may reflect adaptation to the marked fluctuation in temperature and pH that characterises their shallow
water coastal habitats. Efforts to identify potential impacts of ocean change to the life histories of coastal marine invertebrates
are best to focus on more vulnerable embryonic and larval stages because of their long time in the water column where seawater
chemistry and temperature have a major impact on development. 相似文献
26.
Planning for environmental justice in an urban national park 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jason Byrne Jennifer Wolch Jin Zhang 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(3):365-392
Urban national parks were designed in the 1970s to bring nature and recreational opportunities to socio-economically disadvantaged communities in the USA. Using the theoretical frame of environmental justice, this paper discusses findings of a recent survey of visitors to Los Angeles' Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area – the United States' largest urban national park. Findings show park visitors were predominantly white, affluent, and lived nearby. People of colour travelled further, were significantly less likely to be return visitors, and were less inclined to use the park for active recreation. Seemingly, this park fails to meet the needs of the disadvantaged urban communities for whom it was created, a problem that may also affect other parks in the United States and potentially parks in other countries. Park planners and managers can take practical steps to increase accessibility to this park for people of colour and low-income earners, and should monitor other parks for patterns of ethno-racially differentiated access and utilisation. 相似文献
27.
Reproduction of Holothuria fuscogilva (Selenka, 1867) in the Solomon Islands was investigated over a 4 yr period (1994 to 1998) by macroscopic and microscopic
examination of the gonad tubules, the gonad index (GI) method, histological examination of gametogenesis, and spawning-induction
trials. The gonad consisted of numerous tubules that dominated the coelom of gravid specimens. New tubules appeared in March,
and grew in size and extent of branching until they reached their maximum size and maturity in August. Spawning occurred from
August to October, with the majority of gametes released during October, although it was only partial in many individuals.
After spawning, the tubules appeared wrinkled and resorbed into the gonad basis. A five-stage gonad maturity scale based on
the macroscopic appearance of the gonad tubules corresponded with discrete stages of gametogenesis identified by histology.
Gametogenesis was initiated in mid-March, with oogenesis and spermatogenesis occurring in parallel, followed by the growing
stage (May to July) which was marked by active gamete development. Successful induction of spawning during the breeding period
corroborated the GI and histological data. The uniform growth of gonad tubules indicated that H. fuscogilva in the Solomon Islands does not conform to the progressive tubule recruitment model described for other holothurians. An
important application of this study is that the appearance of gonad tubules, removed by biopsy, can be used to determine the
gonad condition of wild adults or captive broodstock.
Received: 28 June 1999 / Accepted: 8 March 2000 相似文献
28.
Natasha A. Hardy Miles Lamare Sven Uthicke Kennedy Wolfe Steve Doo Symon Dworjanyn Maria Byrne 《Marine Biology》2014,161(2):395-409
The thermal envelope of development to the larval stage of two echinoids from eastern Australia was characterized to determine whether they fill their potential latitudinal ranges as indicated by tolerance limits. The tropical sand dollar, Arachnoides placenta, a species that is not known to have shifted its range, was investigated in Townsville, northern Australia (19°20′S, 146°77′E), during its autumn spawning season (May 2012). The subtropical/temperate sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, a species that has undergone poleward range expansion, was investigated in Sydney, southern Australia (33°58′S, 151°14′E), during its winter spawning season (August 2012). The thermal tolerance of development was determined in embryos and larvae reared at twelve temperatures. For A. placenta, the ambient water temperature near Townsville and experimental control were 24 °C and treatments ranged from 14 to 37 °C. For C. rodgersii, ambient Sydney water temperature and experimental control were 17 °C, and the treatment range was 9–31 °C. A. placenta had a broader developmental thermal envelope (14 °C range 17–31 °C) than C. rodgersii (9 °C range 13–22 °C). Both species developed successfully at temperatures well below ambient, suggesting that cooler water is not a barrier to poleward migration for either species. Both species presently live near the upper thermal limits for larval development, and future ocean warming could lead to contractions of their northern range limits. This study provides insights into the factors influencing the realized and potential distribution of planktonic life stages and changes to adult distribution in response to global change. 相似文献
29.
30.
L. Shivashankar E. Whitney G. Colmorgen T. Young G. Munshi D. Wilmoth K. Byrne G. Reeves Dr. D. S. Borgaonkar S. R. Picciano P. A. Marttn-Deleon 《黑龙江环境通报》1988,8(2):85-91
A case of tetrasomy i(12p) detected prenatally is reported. The patient, a black, 33-year-old G3P2002 at 24 weeks' gestation with an unremarkable family history presented herself for prenatal care. Ultrasound examination showed a fetus with diminished femoral and humeral lengths, and hydramnios. A level II scan confirmed the presence of an omphalocele. Amniocentesis at 31 weeks showed 47,XY, + i(12p) karyotype. An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was delivered at 34 weeks. The infant died after 5 h. Genetic and ultrasonographic examinations in the third trimester were helpful in the investigation of this fetus with multiple congenital anomalies. The careful, complete team counselling afforded by this approach enabled the mother and family to be well adjusted to the strong possibility (and subsequent reality) of an abnormal infant. 相似文献