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301.
Shah MH Iqbal J Shaheen N Khan N Choudhary MA Akhter G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1243-1252
Selected trace metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in the water and soil samples collected from the remote
region of Himalaya. The soil samples were analysed for soluble and acid extractable fraction of trace metals. In water samples,
Ca, Na, Mg and K emerged as dominant contributors, whereas, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe and Pb were estimated at comparatively higher
levels in the water extract of the soil. In case of acid extract of the soil samples, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Mn and Na were found
at elevated concentrations. Based on mean levels of the metals, following decreasing concentration order was observed in water
samples: Ca > Na > Mg > K > Pb > Co > Cu > Zn > Mn > Cr > Fe > Cd > Li, however, in the acid extract of the soil, following
order was noted: Ca > K > Fe > Mg > Mn > Na > Pb > Zn > Cr > Li > Cu > Co > Cd. The correlation study revealed appreciably
diverse mutual relationships of trace metals in the water and soil samples. The multivariate cluster analyses exhibited divergent
apportionment of trace metals in water and soil samples. Among the trace metals, Cd, Pb, Li, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn and Co exhibited
extreme to significant anthropogenic enrichment in the soil samples, while the rest of the metals were mostly contributed
by the natural processes. 相似文献
302.
Ghumman AR Ghazaw YM Hashmi HN Kamal MA Niazi MF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1671-1681
Many drainage schemes and salinity control projects have been executed world wide. Pipe drainage has widely been used in Pakistan,
Egypt and India to control waterlogging. The impact of pipe drainage on land and water was evaluated in this paper using data
of three pipe drainage projects in Pakistan namely Khushab Salinity Control and Reclamation Project, Fourth Drainage Project
in Faisalabad and Swabi Salinity Control and Reclamation Project. Data by regular monitoring of these projects were collected.
The effect of pipe drainage on water table depth at these three locations has been compared. Water quality and soil salinity
improvement due to the pipe drainage has also been investigated. Data, related to water table depths and discharges from drain
pipes/wells, was collected. Observation wells, installed at various places by the Water and Power Development Authority, were
used for collection of this data. To evaluate the impact of the projects on salinity, soil samples from all the three locations
were tested. A questionnaire was prepared to get the view of the people about the projects. It was revealed that in these
areas, due to subsurface pipe drainage, the percentage of the abandoned land has been considerably decreased. Over drainage
was observed in a few places of the projects. The farmers at such places were asked to change their cropping patterns. Ultimately,
there has been an increase in area under cultivation, crop yields and cropping intensity in the projects’ area. 相似文献
303.
In the industrial area of Chinhat, Lucknow (India) wastewater coming from pesticide manufacturing and other industries is
used to irrigate the agricultural crops. This practice has been polluting the soil and pollutants might reach the food chain.
Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of certain organochlorine pesticides in soil samples. Samples were extracted
using different solvents, i.e., hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, chloroform, and acetone (all were HPLC-grade, SRL, India).
Soil extracts were assayed for mutagenicity using Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Mutagenicity was observed in the test samples and TA98 was the most responsive strain for all the
soil extracts (irrigated with wastewater) in terms of mutagenic index in the presence (+S9) and absence (−S9) of metabolic
activation. In terms of slope (m) of linear dose–response curve for the most responsive strain TA98 exhibited highest sensitivity
against the soil extracts in the presence and absence of S9 fraction. Hexane-extracted soil sample (wastewater) exhibited
maximum mutagenicity in terms of net revertants per gram of soil in the presence and absence of S9 mix as compared to the
other soil extracts. Groundwater-irrigated soil extracts displayed low level of mutagenicity as compared to wastewater-irrigated
soil. The soil is accumulating a large number of pollutants due to wastewater irrigation and this practice of accumulation
has an adverse impact on soil health. 相似文献
304.
A. M. O. Abdul Raheem F. A. Adekola I. O. Obioh 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(4):497-509
A combination of multivariate statistical methods including factor analysis, principal component analysis, principal component
regression, and multiple linear regression (MLR) were employed to evaluate the influence of seasons on the concentrations
of ozone, sulfur (IV) oxide, and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air of Nigerian cities of Lagos and Ilorin. The former city
is located in the coastal area, and it is highly congested with a high intensity of marine, vehicular, and industrial activities,
and the latter city is a medium size town, located in the central guinea savannah zone of Nigeria. Samples were collected
using a high-volume sampler from near the ground at various sites of diverse human and industrial activities, during wet and
dry seasons from 2003 to 2006. The PCA reveals three distinct groupings during the day for all data, which is a reflection
of different factors contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of these cities. The predicted ozone concentration values by
MLR agree fairly well with the measured data. The dependence of ozone on meteorological parameters including relative humidity,
air temperature, and sun exposure and the precursor pollutants depends on weather and the anthropogenic activities. The results
for the two cities indicate that reduction in the level of NO2 is accompanied by an increase in the level of ozone, suggesting the interconversion between the two via photochemical activity. 相似文献
305.
Carlos E. Ruiz Nadim M. Aziz Paul R. Schroeder 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2001,6(3):151-158
This paper describes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers screening-level water quality model (RECOVERY version 3.0) for assessing long-term impacts of contaminated bottom sediments on surface waters. The model couples contaminant interaction between the water column and the bottom sediment, as well as between contaminated and clean bottom sediments. The analysis is intended primarily for organic contaminants with the assumption that the overlying water column is well mixed vertically. The contaminant is assumed to follow linear, reversible, equilibrium sorption and first-order decay kinetics. The system is physically represented as a well-mixed water column (i.e., zero-dimensional) underlain by a vertically-stratified sediment column (i.e., one-dimensional). The sediment is well-mixed horizontally but segmented vertically into a well-mixed surface (active) layer and deep sediment. The deep sediment is segmented into variably contaminated and clean sediment regions. Processes incorporated in the model are sorption, decay, volatilization, burial, resuspension, settling, bioturbation, and pore-water diffusion. The solution couples contaminant mass balance in the water column and in the mixed sediment layer along with diffusion in the deep sediment layers. The model was verified against laboratory and field data, as well as against an analytical solution for the water and mixed sediment layers. These comparisons indicate that the model can be used as an assessment tool for evaluating remediation alternatives for contaminated bottom sediments. 相似文献
306.
307.
308.
A. M. Issam B. T. Poh H. P. S. Abdul Khalil W. C. Lee 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(3):165-169
Solid and soft forms of waste polystyrene have been treated with coumarone–indene resin and benzene to produce a new adhesive.
The adhesive is prepared from various compositions of polystyrene (13–38 wt%), coumarone-indene resin (5–7%) and benzene (57–80%).
Viscosity, peel strength and tensile shear strength of the adhesive is determined by a HAAKE Rotary Viscometer, Lloyd Adhesion
Tester and Instron machine, respectively. Rolling ball technique was used to measure the tackiness of the adhesive. Results
show that the adhesion property increases with increase in polystyrene composition and coating thickness. This observation
is attributed to the increasing wettability of adhesive on the substrate. 相似文献
309.
Most democratic countries hold inquiries into disasters. One of their key functions is to establish the cause of an event and to learn lessons in order to prevent a recurrence. In addition, they offer an opportunity for communal catharsis, permitting the public to vent anger, distress and frustration and to exert pressure for policy changes. Malaysia has experienced six landmark socio-technical disasters since 1968, which resulted in the proposal or amendment of various safety/emergency acts and regulations. The authors used a grounded theory approach utilising a constant comparative method to analyse the recommendations made by the inquiries into these events. Data indicate that social and technical recommendations comprise 85 and 15 per cent, respectively, of the total recommendations made by the inquiry committees. This paper offers suggestions for improving the management of inquiry tribunals, as they will remain a valuable source of information for society and corporations to learn from past incidents. 相似文献
310.
Kamaraj M. Ranjith K. S. Rajeshwari Sivaraj Rajendra Kumar R. T. Hasna Abdul Salam 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(11):2362-2368
Photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA), a representative endocrine disruptor chemical, was carried out under irradiation of sunlight in the presence of CexZn1-xO nanophotocatalyst. Cerium (Ce) ions were successfully incorporated into the bulk lattice of ZnO by simple co-precipitation process. The CexZn1-xO composite nanostructures exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency than pure ZnO in the degradation of BPA under sunlight irradiation and nearly complete mineralization of BPA was achieved. The degradation rate was strongly dependent on factors such as the size and structure of catalyst, doping material concentration, BPA concentration, catalyst load, irradiation time and pH levels. This work suggested that the CexZn1-xO assisted photocatalytic degradation is a versatile, economic, environmentally benign and efficient method for BPA removal in the aqueous environment. 相似文献