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21.
Thomas Fellmann Peter Witzke Franz Weiss Benjamin Van Doorslaer Dusan Drabik Ingo Huck Guna Salputra Torbjörn Jansson Adrian Leip 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(3):451-468
Taking the European Union (EU) as a case study, we simulate the application of non-uniform national mitigation targets to achieve a sectoral reduction in agricultural non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Scenario results show substantial impacts on EU agricultural production, in particular, the livestock sector. Significant increases in imports and decreases in exports result in rather moderate domestic consumption impacts but induce production increases in non-EU countries that are associated with considerable emission leakage effects. The results underline four major challenges for the general integration of agriculture into national and global climate change mitigation policy frameworks and strategies, as they strengthen requests for (1) a targeted but flexible implementation of mitigation obligations at national and global level and (2) the need for a wider consideration of technological mitigation options. The results also indicate that a globally effective reduction in agricultural emissions requires (3) multilateral commitments for agriculture to limit emission leakage and may have to (4) consider options that tackle the reduction in GHG emissions from the consumption side. 相似文献
22.
A pedestrian safety education film titled And Keep on Looking and aimed at children ages 9 to 12 was evaluated in several cities. The results showed an increase in safe street crossing knowledge among 9- to 12-year-old Connecticut children who viewed the film, and some improvement in safe street crossing behavior among 9- to 12-year-old Seattle, Washington, children. Crash reduction was assessed in a 2-year, citywide field test conducted in Milwaukee. The field test indicated a crash reduction of more than 20% for 9- to 12-year-old children in Milwaukee compared with children in areas surrounding Milwaukee and children in comparison cities. 相似文献
23.
Variation in root density along stream banks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wynn TM Mostaghimi S Burger JA Harpold AA Henderson MB Henry LA 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(6):2030-2039
While it is recognized that vegetation plays a significant role in stream bank stabilization, the effects are not fully quantified. The study goal was to determine the type and density of vegetation that provides the greatest protection against stream bank erosion by determining the density of roots in stream banks. To quantify the density of roots along alluvial stream banks, 25 field sites in the Appalachian Mountains were sampled. The riparian buffers varied from short turfgrass to mature riparian forests, representing a range of vegetation types. Root length density (RLD) with depth and aboveground vegetation density were measured. The sites were divided into forested and herbaceous groups and differences in root density were evaluated. At the herbaceous sites, very fine roots (diameter < 0.5 mm) were most common and more than 75% of all roots were concentrated in the upper 30 cm of the stream bank. Under forested vegetation, fine roots (0.5 mm < diameter < 2.0 mm) were more common throughout the bank profile, with 55% of all roots in the top 30 cm. In the top 30 cm of the bank, herbaceous sites had significantly greater overall RLD than forested sites (alpha = 0.01). While there were no significant differences in total RLD below 30 cm, forested sites had significantly greater concentrations of fine roots, as compared with herbaceous sites (alpha = 0.01). As research has shown that erosion resistance has a direct relationship with fine root density, forested vegetation may provide better protection against stream bank erosion. 相似文献
24.
Automobile insurance claims were examined to determine the rates of neck injuries in rear-end crashes for vehicles with and without redesigned head restraints, redesigned seats, or both. Results indicate that the improved geometric fit of head restraints observed in many newer vehicle models are reducing the risk of whiplash injury substantially among female drivers (about 37% in the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable), but have very little effect among male drivers. New seat designs, such as active head restraints that move upward and closer to drivers' heads during a rear impact, give added benefit, producing about a 43% reduction in whiplash injury claims (55% reduction among female drivers). Estimated effects of Volvo's Whiplash Injury Prevention System and Toyota's Whiplash Injury Lessening design were based on smaller samples and were not statistically significant. 相似文献
25.
Although octachlorostyrene (OCS) was never used as a commercial product, it may be produced during incineration and combustion processes involving chlorinated compounds. Its environmental spreading was evaluated through the analysis of several representative samples. OCS could not be measured in soil samples collected from urban and rural areas or sediments, but was present (up to 5.41 ng/g dry weight) in industrial soil collected near chemically polluted areas. For aquatic biota samples, the OCS concentrations in freshwater mussels ranged from <0.01 ng/g wet weight (ww) to 0.18 ng/g ww (mean 0.06 ng/g ww) and similar levels could be measured in 11 freshwater fish species from Belgium and Romania. A higher OCS contamination level was found in shrimps (mean 0.08 ng/g ww) compared to marine fish (mean 0.02 ng/g ww for bib and 0.01 ng/g ww for sole and whiting, respectively). OCS could also be measured in 19 harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) liver samples with a mean value of 1.90 ng/g ww. According to these data, it could be computed that the biomagnification factor for OCS was one order of magnitude lower than that of HCB in the fish-porpoise food chain. The mean OCS concentrations in blue tits (Parus caeruleus) eggs and great tits (Parus major) adipose tissue were 1.24 ng/g ww and 3.24 ng/g ww, respectively. OCS could be measured in different tissues of hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), with the highest concentrations found in adipose tissue (mean 0.34 ng/g ww) and liver (mean 0.39 ng/g ww). In contrast, only low concentrations of OCS could be measured in human adipose tissue (up to 0.38 ng/g ww) and liver (up to 0.05 ng/g ww), while it could not be detected in human brain or lung. The relationship between the concentrations of OCS and HCB was also discussed for each species. 相似文献
26.
Chris Pratt Adrian S. Walcroft Julie Deslippe Kevin R. Tate 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(2):412-419
Landfills that generate too little biogas for economic energy recovery can potentially offset methane (CH4) emissions through biological oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria in cover soils. This study reports on the CH4 oxidation efficiency of a 10-year old landfill cap comprising a volcanic pumice soil. Surface CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured using field chambers during three sampling intervals over winter and summer. Methane fluxes were temporally and spatially variable (?0.36 to 3044 mg CH4 m?2 h?1); but were at least 15 times lower than typical literature CH4 fluxes reported for older landfills in 45 of the 46 chambers tested. Exposure of soil from this landfill cover to variable CH4 fluxes in laboratory microcosms revealed a very strong correlation between CH4 oxidation efficiency and CH4/CO2 ratios, confirming the utility of this relationship for approximating CH4 oxidation efficiency. CH4/CO2 ratios were applied to gas concentrations from the surface flux chambers and indicated a mean CH4 oxidation efficiency of 72%. To examine CH4 oxidation with soil depth, we collected 10 soil depth profiles at random locations across the landfill. Seven profiles exhibited CH4 removal rates of 70–100% at depths <60 cm, supporting the high oxidation rates observed in the chambers. Based on a conservative 70% CH4 oxidation efficiency occurring at the site, this cover soil is clearly offsetting far greater CH4 quantities than the 10% default value currently adopted by the IPCC. 相似文献
27.
28.
Adrian H. Griffin William E. Martin James C. Wade 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(1):57-61
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the use of water by copper mines for treating low grade ores. The froth flotation process for treating sulphide ore and the heap leaching process for treating oxide ore are described, and ways of reducing the amount of water used in these processes are discussed. Estimates of the costs reducing water consumption are given. Finally, the circumstances in which it would be desirable for a copper mine to reduce its level of water consumption are considered. 相似文献
29.
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in soils from the East Antarctic coast 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Negoita TG Covaci A Gheorghe A Schepens P 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(2):281-286
Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, 6 o,p'-and p,p'-isomers of DDT and 28 PCB congeners have been measured in eleven soil samples and one lichen collected on the Eastern coast of Antarctica from 5 Russian stations. For samples with low concentrations of PCBs (range 0.20-0.41 ng g(-1) dry weight) and pesticides (0.86-4.69 ng g(-1) and 0.11-1.22 ng g(-1) dry weight for HCHs and DDTs, respectively), atmospheric long-range transport from Africa, South America or Australia was suggested as the sole source of contamination. The profile of PCB congeners was dominated by the more volatile tri-, tetra- and penta-PCBs congeners, thus supporting long-range transport hypothesis. Four samples contained moderate levels of PCBs (range 1.98-6.94 ng g(-1) dry weight) and variable concentrations of pesticides (gamma-HCH, p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT being the main contaminants). For samples with high concentrations of PCBs (range 90.26-157.45 ng g(-1)) and high concentrations of pesticides, the presence of high molecular weight PCB congeners such as: 153, 180, 187, 170 etc, strongly suggest a local source (biotic) of PCBs rather than atmospheric transport. It is likely that on a local scale, biotic focussing of pollutants, due to bird activities (nesting and excrement) can cause high contamination levels and become more significant than contaminant input via abiotic pathways. 相似文献
30.
In this study, we investigated whether bird feathers can be used as a non-destructive biomonitor for organic pollutants. We analysed the outermost tail feathers of 8 terrestrial and aquatic bird species from Belgium (8 species, n=108) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Every compound class could be quantified in one single tail feather of the birds under study (sum PCBs ranging from 5.5 to 510 ng/g feather, sum PBDEs from 0.33 to 53 ng/g feather, sum DDTs from 1.5 to 730 ng/g feather), except for PBDEs in feathers of the common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Further, we calculated Pearson correlations between concentrations of organic pollutants in feathers and concentrations in corresponding muscle or liver tissue from the birds. Correlations were found significant in half of the cases of the terrestrial species, but were found not significant for the aquatic species, with the exception of a significant correlation of sum PCBs in the common moorhen. Only for the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) (n=43) all correlations were found significant (0.32相似文献