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991.
Sampson DA Escobar V Tschudi MK Lant T Gober P 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(10):2596-2610
Uncertainty in future water supplies for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area (Phoenix) are exacerbated by the near certainty of increased, future water demands; water demand may increase eightfold or more by 2030 for some communities. We developed a provider-based water management and planning model for Phoenix termed WaterSim 4.0. The model combines a FORTRAN library with Microsoft C# to simulate the spatial and temporal dynamics of current and projected future water supply and demand as influenced by population demographics, climatic uncertainty, and groundwater availability. This paper describes model development and rationale. Water providers receive surface water, groundwater, or both depending on their portfolio. Runoff from two riverine systems supplies surface water to Phoenix while three alluvial layers that underlie the area provide groundwater. Water demand was estimated using two approaches. One approach used residential density, population projections, water duties, and acreage. A second approach used per capita water consumption and separate population growth estimates. Simulated estimates of initial groundwater for each provider were obtained as outputs from the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) Salt River Valley groundwater flow model (GFM). We compared simulated estimates of water storage with empirical estimates for modeled reservoirs as a test of model performance. In simulations we modified runoff by 80%-110% of the historical estimates, in 5% intervals, to examine provider-specific responses to altered surface water availability for 33 large water providers over a 25-year period (2010-2035). Two metrics were used to differentiate their response: (1) we examined groundwater reliance (GWR; that proportion of a providers' portfolio dependent upon groundwater) from the runoff sensitivity analysis, and (2) we used 100% of the historical runoff simulations to examine the cumulative groundwater withdrawals for each provider. Four groups of water providers were identified, and discussed. Water portfolios most reliant on Colorado River water may be most sensitive to potential reductions in surface water supplies. Groundwater depletions were greatest for communities who were either 100% dependent upon groundwater (urban periphery), or nearly so, coupled with high water demand projections. On-going model development includes linking WaterSim 4.0 to the GFM in order to more precisely model provider-specific estimates of groundwater, and provider-based policy options that will enable "what-if" scenarios to examine policy trade-offs and long-term sustainability of water portfolios. 相似文献
992.
Rates of progression and transmission of black band disease (BBD) on the staghorn coral, Acropora muricata, were compared between months for seasonal in situ studies and between temperature treatments in experimental aquaria manipulations
at Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). In situ field experiments demonstrated that BBD progressed along branches
approximately twice as fast (1.7–2.4 times) during the austral summer month of January (0.99 ± 0.04 cm/day) than in the cooler
months of July (0.58 ± 0.04 cm/day) and May (0.41 ± 0.07 cm/day). Transmission of BBD between colonies was also accelerated
in warmer months, with signs of infection becoming visible 1.2 days earlier in January compared to May. The greater seawater
temperatures by ∼2 to 3°C and light intensities by up to 650 μE/m2/s in January, suggest that rates of progression and transmission of BBD are linked to one or both of these parameters. Manipulative
experiments in summer provide corroborative evidence that elevated temperatures increase rates of BBD progression, with the
disease progressing 1.3 times more rapidly in the 32°C elevated temperature treatment than in the 30°C ambient treatment (1.17 ± 0.06 cm/day
versus 0.92 ± 0.07 cm/day; F
2,6 = 7.66, P = 0.022). In contrast, although a trend for greatest BBD progression was measured in elevated temperature treatments of 29°C
(0.46 ± 0.07 cm/day) and 31°C (0.52 ± 0.06 cm/day) in winter, these rates did not differ significantly (F
3,7 = 1.72, P = 0.249) from those measured for the ambient 27°C treatment (0.37 ± 0.06 cm/day) or the field controls (0.41 ± 0.09 cm/day).
The lower rates of BBD progression in the 31°C winter treatment (0.52 ± 0.06 cm/day) than in the 30°C (0.92 ± 0.07 cm/day)
summer treatment, may have been a response to 28-fold decreased light irradiance in the former, suggesting that high irradiance
in combination with elevated temperatures may promote progression of BBD. Results from this study indicate that the impact
of elevated temperature on BBD progression is complex with a combination of environmental factors including temperature and
light playing key roles in progression and transmission of the disease. 相似文献
993.
Meinardus HW Dwarakanath V Ewing J Hirasaki GJ Jackson RE Jin M Ginn JS Londergan JT Miller CA Pope GA 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2002,54(3-4):173-193
Over the last few years, more than 40 partitioning interwell tracer tests (PITTs) have been conducted at many different sites to measure nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturations in the subsurface. While the main goal of these PITTs was to estimate the NAPL volume in the subsurface, some were specifically conducted to assess the performance of remedial actions involving NAPL removal. In this paper, we present a quantitative approach to assess the performance of remedial actions to recover NAPL that can be used to assess any NAPL removal technology. It combines the use of PITTs (to estimate the NAPL volume in the swept pore volume between injection and extraction wells of a test area) with the use of several cores to determine the vertical NAPL distribution in the subsurface. We illustrate the effectiveness of such an approach by assessing the performance of a surfactant/foam flood conducted at Hill Air Force Base, UT, to remove a TCE-rich NAPL from alluvium with permeability contrasts as high as one order of magnitude. In addition, we compare the NAPL volumes determined by the PITTs with volumes estimated through geostatistical interpolation of aquifer sediment core data collected with a vertical frequency of 5-10 cm and a lateral borehole spacing of 0.15 m. We demonstrate the use of several innovations including the explicit estimation of not only the errors associated with NAPL volumes and saturations derived from PITTs but also the heterogeneity of the aquifer sediments based upon permeability estimates. Most importantly, we demonstrate the reliability of the 相似文献
994.
Verma Abhishek Babu V. S. Arunachalam S. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(3):877-899
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The utilization of recycled aggregate (RA) extracted from construction and demolition (C&D) waste contributes to reducing the usage of... 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
Volova Tatiana G. Kurachenko Natalya L. Bopp Valentina L. Thomas Sabu Demidenko Aleksey V. Kiselev Evgeniy G. Baranovsky Sergey V. Sukovatyi Aleksey G. Zhila Natalia O. Shishatskaya Ekaterina I. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(14):20249-20264
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The efficacy of slow-release formulations of tribenuron-methyl (TBM) embedded in the matrix of degradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blended with birch... 相似文献
998.
Jabiol Jérémy Chauvet Eric Guérold François Bouquerel Jonathan Usseglio-Polatera Philippe Artigas Joan Margoum Christelle Le Dréau Matthieu Moreira Aurélie Mazzella Nicolas Gouy Véronique 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(20):29296-29313
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Freshwater contamination by pesticides in agricultural landscapes is of increasing concern worldwide, with strong pesticide impacts on biodiversity,... 相似文献
999.
Sharma Ruchika Patil Chandragouda Majeed Jaseela Kumar Subodh Aggarwal Geeta 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(49):73795-73808
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Medicinal plants have been used as traditional herbal medicines in the treatment of various types of diseases. However, the increased demand for these... 相似文献
1000.
Landscape constraints on functional diversity of birds and insects in tropical agroecosystems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In this paper, we analyzeatabases on birds and insects to assess patterns of functional diversity in human-dominated landscapes in the tropics. A perspective from developed landscapes is essential for understanding remnant natural ecosystems, because most species experience their surroundings at spatial scales beyond the plot level, and spillover between natural and managed ecosystems is common. Agricultural bird species have greater habitat and diet breadth than forest species. Based on a global data base, bird assemblages in tropical agroforest ecosystems were composed of disproportionately more frugivorous and nectarivorous, but fewer insectivorous bird species compared with forest. Similarly, insect predators of plant-feeding arthropods were more diverse in Ecuadorian agroforest and forest compared with rice and pasture, while, in Indonesia, bee diversity was also higher in forested habitats. Hence, diversity of insectivorous birds and insect predators as well as bee pollinators declined with agricultural transformation. In contrast, with increasing agricultural intensification, avian pollinators and seed dispersers initially increase then decrease in proportion. It is well established that the proximity of agricultural habitats to forests has a strong influence on the functional diversity of agroecosystems. Community similarity is higher among agricultural systems than in natural habitats and higher in simple than in complex landscapes for both birds and insects, so natural communities, low-intensity agriculture, and heterogeneous landscapes appear to be critical in the preservation of beta diversity. We require a better understanding of the relative role of landscape composition and the spatial configuration of landscape elements in affecting spillover of functionally important species across managed and natural habitats. This is important for data-based management of tropical human-dominated landscapes sustaining the capacity of communities to reorganize after disturbance and to ensure ecological functioning. 相似文献