Ambient TSP concentration and dustfall in major cities of China: Spatial distribution and temporal variability

Based on environmental monitoring data in 93 major cities and meteorological records at 398 weather stations in China from 1981 to 2007, total suspended particle (TSP) concentration, the intensity of dustfall, and sand and dust storm frequency (F_d) were analysed. During the past 27 years, the annual average TSP concentration (C_TSP) in 93 cities was 402 μg m^?3. Annual average C_TSP decreased from the north to the south and from inland to the coast areas with a peak value of 628.8 μg m^?3 in Lanzhou. In the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, annual average C_TSP was 628.7, 319.2, and 250.1 μg m^?3, respectively. Annual average intensity of dustfall (I_d) was 240.5 t km^?2 a^?1, decreased from northern to southern China and from inland to the coast areas with the maximum value of 717.2 t km^?2 a^?1 in Baotou. In the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, annual average I_d was 334.8, 220.9, 146 t km^?2 a^?1 respectively. Annual average I_d in the Loess Plateau region was commonly higher than 200 t km^?2 a^?1. The annual average F_d decreased from arid regions in northwestern China to humid areas in southeastern China with two sand and sand storm centers existing in Xinjiang Taklamakan Desert and western Inner Mongolia. The annual average F_d in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s was 16, 8, 6 days respectively, decreased steadily from 18 days in 1981–5 days in 2007. Annual average I_d had a positive linear relation to annual average C_TSP (R² = 0.96). Annual average F_d had a positive relation with annual average C_TSP (R² = 0.97) as well as annual average I_d (R² = 0.94). TSP was the chief pollutant influencing Air Pollution Index (API) in northern China in spring and winter seasons. Sand and dust storm might be a major factor affecting the temporal variability and spatial distribution of TSP and dustfall in China.     

Mixed land-use planning on the periphery of large Asian cities: the case of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Throughout Asia, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has created serious environmental problems, and the development of sustainable urban–rural planning methods is of critical importance. To improve our understanding of mixed urban–rural land uses and provide future practical visions for regional planning, we conducted a case study of the urban fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. After identifying local irrigation districts as the basic spatial unit for resource circulation, we quantified current material flows of organic wastes generated by households within each district. We then developed two different land-use scenarios for 2020: (1) a high-rise compact and (2) a low-story sprawl development scenario. These scenarios were compared in terms of efficiency of material flows and energy consumption. We found that, based on current infrastructure and technology, the latter scenario was more advantageous in terms of both material input and energy consumption than the former, thereby, identifying positive aspects of urban–rural land-use mixture. Based on these results, we propose that planners should focus on density control measures that take into account bioresource circulation within irrigation districts rather than simply drawing arbitrary land-use zoning lines. To this end, we suggest that the division between agricultural and urban planning departments must be bridged, and that research should take an interdisciplinary approach.     

直播稻田渗漏水磷素动态变化及渗漏流失潜力研究

通过田间实验,对太湖流域丹阳地区直播水稻田不同施磷水平下渗漏水磷素动态变化特征及流失潜力进行了研究。结果表明,施磷能明显提高地下60cm以上深度土层渗漏水磷的含量。各土层渗漏液总磷浓度随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势。随着施磷量的增加,稻田渗漏水磷素含量也会随之增加。土壤磷素发生渗漏流失的土壤表层Olsen-P含量的"突变点"change-Point为25.17 mg/kg。当土壤中的Olsen-P浓度小于25.17mg/kg时,20～40cm土层渗漏水中TP浓度基本上不随土壤Olsen-P浓度的变化而变化,但当土壤中Olsen-P大于25.17mg/kg时,20～40cm土层渗漏水中TP浓度会大量增加,且土壤中的Olsen-P每增加10 mg/kg,渗漏水TP将增加0.21 mg/L。稻田当季累计土壤磷素渗漏流失负荷为1.02 kg/ha,占当季施磷量的2.80%。     

新疆油田污染减排措施与效果分析

针对新疆油田公司的污染减排目标,结合油田实际,剖析了当前制约新疆油田污染减排的主要因素,通过有针对性地实施技术改造、结构调整、清洁生产等措施,取得了显著的污染减排效果,为今后污染减排工作提供了有益的建议。     

城市水业PPP项目的风险分担研究

公私合伙制（即PPP）模式在城市水业项目中已经得到广泛的应用,公私双方的合作方式和风险分担是PPP项目成功的关键。在不同的合作关系中,公私双方所承担的风险种类和程度都有所不同。因此,只有理顺PPP项目合作方式与风险分担的对应关系,公共部门才能正确选择PPP项目的合作方式和私营合作方。     

Biodegradation of methyl red by Bacillus sp. strain UN2: decolorization capacity,metabolites characterization,and enzyme analysis

Azo dyes are recalcitrant and refractory pollutants that constitute a significant menace to the environment. The present study is focused on exploring the capability of Bacillus sp. strain UN2 for application in methyl red (MR) degradation. Effects of physicochemical parameters (pH of medium, temperature, initial concentration of dye, and composition of the medium) were studied in detail. The suitable pH and temperature range for MR degradation by strain UN2 were respectively 7.0–9.0 and 30–40 °C, and the optimal pH value and temperature were respectively 8.0 and 35 °C. Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ (1 mM) were found to significantly accelerate the MR removal rate, while the enhancement by either Fe³⁺ or Fe²⁺ was slight. Under the optimal degradation conditions, strain UN2 exhibited greater than 98 % degradation of the toxic azo dye MR (100 ppm) within 30 min. Analysis of samples from decolorized culture flasks confirmed biodegradation of MR into two prime metabolites: N,N′dimethyl-p-phenyle-nediamine and 2-aminobenzoic acid. A study of the enzymes responsible for the biodegradation of MR, in the control and cells obtained during (10 min) and after (30 min) degradation, showed a significant increase in the activities of azoreductase, laccase, and NADH-DCIP reductase. Furthermore, a phytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that the germination inhibition was almost eliminated for both the plants Triticum aestivum and Sorghum bicolor by MR metabolites at 100 mg/L concentration, yet the germination inhibition of parent dye was significant. Consequently, the high efficiency of MR degradation enables this strain to be a potential candidate for bioremediation of wastewater containing MR.     

水生植物酸碱预处理对厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响简

采用酸碱预处理乌梁素海典型沉水植物龙须眼子菜和挺水植物芦苇,通过厌氧发酵动力学分析、还原糖变化及微观结构解析,研究酸碱预处理对水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷的影响。实验结果表明,酸碱预处理后水生植物厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷两阶段累积产气量、氢气及甲烷含量均显著提高,酸处理效果优于碱处理。采用0.5 mol/L HCl预处理龙须眼子菜效果最佳,最大氢气、甲烷含量分别达42.65%和52.82%,产氢气速率为4.118 mL/h,产甲烷速率最高达14.199 mL/h。芦苇经1 mol/L HCl预处理效果最佳,最高氢气、甲烷含量分别为32.22%和65.26%。扫描电镜微观结构分析表明,酸碱预处理可显著破坏芦苇、龙须眼子菜的纤维素结构,有效增加植物与微生物接触面积,有利于厌氧发酵联产氢气-甲烷工艺的快速启动和稳定运行。     

基于BMPs的鄱阳湖区小流域农村面源污染控制

鄱阳湖小流域农村面源污染严重,环境问题不断加剧。通过背景值调查与污染源解析,显示农村生活和种植业是鄱阳湖小流域农村面源污染的主要来源。采取集成式BMPs模式,将源头控制与末端治理相结合,充分利用当地优势,合理搭配植物缓冲带、沟渠湿地、人工湿地,兼性塘等,实现氮、磷流失的有效拦截,达到有效控制示范区小流域农村面源污染目的,从而为鄱阳湖农村面源污染控制提供借鉴。结果表明： BMPs系统污染物去除能力高,运行成本低。系统单位面积削减总量分别为CODcr 71017 kg、SS 11491 kg、TP 408 kg、TN 3593 kg、NO-3 N 474 kg、NH+4 N 1918 kg,而运行成本不到01元/t。整个系统中尤以表面流人工湿地减污效果最好,耐负荷冲击能力最强。沟渠湿地整体去污能力不低,但耐冲击负荷能力弱,易受外界因素的影响。为加强减污效果,可通过完善生态系统尤其是挺水性植物加以改进     

棉花耐涝相关种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解棉花耐涝相关种质资源的遗传多样性,选用均匀分布于棉花全基因组的145对引物,从中筛选出44对SSR引物对48份涝相关种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,44对SSR引物在48份材料中共检测出170个等位基因变异,平均每个位点有386个。其中耐涝材料的位点多态信息含量(PIC)、每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)、基因型多样性(H′)分别为0632、1710 4和0393 7,涝敏感材料的PIC、Ne、H′分别为0628、1721 6和0399 4。耐涝材料和涝敏感材料的Jaccard相似性系数分别在0462~0925和0398~0845之间,遗传相似性系数总体平均值接近,但耐涝材料的变化幅度更大。用类平均法(UPGMA)聚类将48份材料分成2个类群。其中,第Ⅰ类包含39个品种,第Ⅱ类包含9个品种。大多数材料之间的遗传相似性系数较高,表明陆地棉耐涝相关种质资源遗传基础狭窄。本结果可为棉花耐涝育种亲本选配和相关机理研究提供基础资料