多菌群污水生物处理反应器中污泥分布的试验研究

在多菌群污水生物处理反应器处理城市污水的试验中,对反应器主反应区内水平中线及垂直中线上所布设取样点位的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)、污泥沉降比(SV30)及污泥容积指数(SVI)进行了检测分析。结果表明,MLSS与MLVSS分布趋势大致相同,在水平方向与垂直方向污泥浓度总体呈现大小交替型分布;SV30与SVI在水平方向总体呈现出周边大、中心小的非对称分布,而在垂直方向由上到下呈现出先增大后减小再增大的分布趋势。污泥浓度与污泥沉降性能的差异分布,对将反应器进水点分布在污泥浓度高值区域、污泥回流点布置在污泥浓度低值区域及出水点选定在污泥浓度较低且沉降性能较好区域有着重要的指导作用,为反应器的优化控制提供了理论依据。     

城市与农村厨房空气污染状况比对

基于城市与农村使用不同燃料提供热能,其各自厨房室内空气的污染情况也不尽相同,因此对城市及农村厨房室内污染物浓度进行调查比对。选取北京城区厨房使用天然气及北京郊区农村使用庄稼秸秆等生物质燃料作为主要热能的家庭各15户,对其厨房的CO、CO2、NO2进行监测。根据国家GB／T18883--2002《室内空气质量标准》,结果发现CO、CO2和NO2在不同地区有不同程度的超标情况,针对分析结果提出措施建议,改善厨房污染状况。     

Simultaneous determination of organochlorine and pyrethriod pesticide residues in the Chinese patent medicines by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A simple, sensitive, reliable method was developed for the simultaneous determination of organochlorine and pyrethriod pesticide residues in Chinese patent medicines Six ingredient rehmannia pills and Xiaoyao pills. These pesticides were extracted by ethyl acetate. The extraction time and volume of ethyl acetate were optimized. Cleanup of extracts was performed with dispersive-solid phase extraction using graphitized carbon black as the sorbent. The determination of pesticides in the final extracts was carried out by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode (GC-MS/MS, MRM). The linearity of the calibration curves is good in matrix-matched standard and yields the coefficients of determination (R²) ≥0.99 for all of the target analytes. Under optimized conditions, the average recoveries (five replicates) for most pesticides range from 75.5% to 114.6%, and RSDs are less than 10.0%. The LODs of 18 pesticides in Six ingredient rehmannia pill and Xiaoyao pills are in the range of 0.01–8.82 μg kg^?1. The developed method meets the requirements of pesticide residue analysis and could be effectively used for routine analysis of the organochlorine and pyrethriod pesticide residues in Six ingredient rehmannia pills and Xiaoyao pills.     

高效上流式生物喷淋除臭技术在污水处理厂的应用

针对污水处理厂运行过程中产生的恶臭气体,开发了一套高效上流式生物喷淋除臭系统,介绍了生物喷淋除臭原理以及生物喷淋除臭系统的构成和主要设备参数。工程运行结果表明,高效上流式生物喷淋除臭技术具有工艺简单、除臭效率高、投资建设及运维费用低、长期运行稳定等优点。在运行期间,系统除臭效率大于90%,出口臭气浓度(无量纲)小于2000,H 2S和NH 3的出口质量浓度分别小于5 mg/m^3,3 mg/m^3,达到甚至优于《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—1993)的相关规定。该技术的成功应用,为我国污水处理厂恶臭气体治理排放提供了针对性解决方案。     

生物柴油萃取高浓度吡啶废水

农药、医药等行业的生产过程中产生含有高浓度吡啶的废水,采用溶剂萃取法萃取废水中的吡啶既可改善废水的可生化性,又可实现吡啶的循环利用.实验以生物柴油为萃取剂,讨论了体系的pH值、温度、相比及时间等条件对萃取分配系数(D)及吡啶去除率的影响.结果表明,较为适宜吡啶萃取的条件是:萃取时间为30 min,pH值为6,温度为30℃,相比为1:1.在上述萃取条件下,生物柴油与吡啶水溶液进行六级错流萃取后,水中吡啶浓度从15%降至0.84%,吡啶去除率达到94.40%.     

多滑动面滑坡变形破坏机理的振动台试验研究

以玉树机场路0#滑坡群第七块堆积滑坡为试验原型,采用4·14玉树地震时收集的地震波为试验的基本动荷载,通过大型振动台试验,研究不同方向分别先后加载时,多滑动面滑坡的渐进性破坏特征。结果表明:多滑动面坡体对地震波峰值加速度的放大效应基本上沿高程的增大,放大效应越明显;地震作用下,多滑动面滑坡的变形破坏发育于坡体浅层滑面,逐渐向坡体深层滑面发展,最终破坏变形是沿坡面浅层部位的滑动破坏;与单滑动面滑坡在地震破坏效应不同的是:多滑动面滑坡在坡体局部出现滑移变形时,不一定引起整体滑移,坡体的变形主要体现出了以浅层滑动面为依附面的坡面变形,并向坡体深层滑面不断牵引的破坏特征。该试验成果较好地揭示了多滑动面堆积滑坡的变形破坏机理,可为多滑动面堆积滑坡的治理提供设计参考。     

氧化沟反应器流体力学特性的数值模拟与实验研究

采用CFD数值计算和体视PIV测试相结合的方法研究卡鲁塞尔氧化沟反应器流场特性。探索复杂边界条件下反应器流场的模拟方法，采用体视PIV技术分别测量了反应器直道、弯道处三维全场流速；研究不同位置处纵、横、垂三向的流动结构和沿程分布特点。结果表明，模拟与实验结果较吻合；纵、垂两向的流动分布是决定沟内水力特性的主要因素；横、垂两向的流动是决定污泥沉积位置的主要因数；外沟靠近曝气叶轮直道段的流速分布上大下小，在低速区底部易发生污泥沉积；外沟远离曝气叶轮直道段流速分布上小下大，利于防止泥水分离；弯道段受横比降和横向环流的影响，内侧容易形成低速区或停滞区而发生污泥沉积。     

Preparation of ultrahigh-surface-area sludge biopolymers-based carbon using alkali treatment for organic matters recovery coupled to catalytic pyrolysis

In this work, we employed waste activated sludge (WAS) as carbon source to prepare ultrahigh specific surface area (SSA) biopolymers-based carbons (BBCs) through alkali (KOH) treatment coupled to pyrolysis strategy. Before the pyrolysis process, the involvement of KOH made a great recovery of soluble biopolymers from WAS, resulting in highly-efficient catalytic pyrolysis. The Brunner-Emmett-Teller and pore volume of BBCs prepared at 800°C (BBC₈₀₀) reached the maximum at 2633.89 m²·g^?1 and 2.919 m³·g^?1, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that aromatic carbon in the form of C=C was the dominant fraction of C element in BBCs. The N element in BBCs were composed of pyrrolic nitrogen and pyridinic nitrogen at 700°C, while a new graphitic nitrogen appeared over 800°C. As a refractory pollutant of wastewater treatment plants, tetracycline (TC) was selected to evaluate adsorption performance of BBCs. The adsorption behavior of BBCs towards TC was conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir models, signifying that chemisorption of monolayers was dominant in TC adsorption. The adsorption capacity of BBC₈₀₀ reached the maximum at 877.19 mg·g^?1 for 90 min at 298 K. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interaction were mainly responsible for TC adsorption, and interfacial diffusion was the main rate-control step in adsorption process. The presence of soluble microbial products (SMPs) enhanced TC removal. This work provided a novel strategy to prepare bio-carbon with ultrahigh SSA using WAS for highly-efficient removal of organic pollutants.     

国内外化学镀镍老化液处理方法

简述了化学镀镍的工艺流程,镀液及老化液成分,以及国内外现有的对化学镀镍老化液处理方法,包括化学法、电解法、离子交换法和膜分离技术。     

江苏省环境问题与恶性肿瘤

对江苏省水体和饮用水源污染,空气污染、水文地质和土壤环境问题、沿海环境质量、生活和居住环境质量、社会环境和生活习惯、个人行为等特定的环境问题进行了阐述,并对恶性肿瘤现状和流行特征及其与环境因素的关系进行了分析,提出了环境保护是恶性肿瘤最重要的一级预防。