大沽河水质自动监控点位布设初探

通过对大沽河流域常年水文状况,现有国、省控人工监测点位设置情况,污染源分布、污水处理厂、取水口、饮用水源地保护区分布及水利工程建设情况的调查,确定在大沽河上游、江家庄、韩家汇到麻湾桥段、小沽河汇入口、云溪河桃源河汇入大沽河口下游,落药河和南胶莱河等7个断面充分利用跨河桥梁等构筑物构建水质自动监控站点。主要监测指标除常规指标以外,在重点监控断面和工业企业分布较多的污染较重河段,可增加总磷、总氮等特征指标和重金属监测项目。     

污染场地修复过程挥发性有机物散逸规律及浓度分布分析

对污染场地修复过程挥发性有机物(VOCs)散逸及浓度分布进行了检测分析,通过光离子气体检测仪(PID)现场快速监测与采样管采样气相色谱质谱分析技术相结合的方式,进行了修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测,同时利用吹扫捕集法+色谱/质谱检测分析方法进行了VOCs污染场地内土壤中浓度检测.研究了VOCs在挖掘扰动过程中的散逸行为,并对气体中的VOCs浓度平面分布进行分析.结果表明,污染土壤中典型VOCs的散逸率整体上较高,对于该污染场地土壤特质,污染土壤扰动过程中,1,2-二氯乙烷散逸程度最高,苯散逸程度最低.VOCs浓度并不因距离增加而呈现明显负相关关系,污染物在扩散过程中会出现波峰波谷的现象.     

近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估

为了解我国近岸海域重金属污染现状,以镉为目标污染物,选择北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、辽东湾、闽江口、珠江口、长江口、黄河口等8个典型海湾、河口区域作为评估目标区域进行水生态风险评估。研究结果显示:北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、闽江口、长江口、珠江口、黄河口等7个海域水体中镉的暴露水平较低,从2005至2013年其急、慢性暴露的最高潜在影响比例均低于5%,且整体呈下降趋势。辽东湾水体中镉从2005至2013年对水生生物的最高潜在影响比例为28.67%(95%置信区间26.29%~30.06%),5%、10%、15%、20%超过率对应的潜在影响比例分别为18.95%(17.84%~20.23%)、12.51%(11.65%~13.61%)、8.26%(7.40%~9.15%)、5.45%(4.62%~6.16%),其在2005—2010年间呈现略微上升趋势,2010—2013年间呈现下降趋势。水体中镉暴露水平主要受入海河流污染物输入的影响,其中五里河、大凌河影响最强。     

外源钙对两种价态锑胁迫下水稻幼苗吸收积累锑和钙的影响

通过溶液培养试验,研究外源钙对两种价态锑[Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)]胁迫下水稻吸收积累锑和钙的影响。结果表明,这两种价态的Sb对水稻生长均有抑制作用,Sb(III)比Sb(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,施Ca可缓解Sb对水稻的毒害。Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)的添加对水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累Ca影响不一致。当溶液中的Ca浓度为5.0 mmol·L-1时,添加三价Sb 10和30μmol·L-1均可以显著地降低水稻茎叶中的Ca含量15.7%和49.4%,但是添加Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为30μmol·L-1时,却分别提高水稻茎叶和根系Ca含量26.2%和50.4%。Ca的添加可以显著地降低水稻根系和茎叶对两个价态Sb的吸收积累。在30μmol·L-1Sb(III)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低19.0%-79.4%和42.6%-71.8%;在30μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅴ)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低34.3%-70.6%和74.1%-84.6%。Ca的添加对Sb在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数和分配比率也有显著影响。综上所述,可以通过施用Ca肥来防治农田Sb污染,降低Sb对人体健康的危害。     

荧光量子点在神经毒理学研究中的应用及前景

如今纳米生物技术的研究正以迅猛的势头不断发展。量子点作为一种新型的纳米荧光探针,由于其优越的光电学特性在生物学和毒理学领域有着广阔的应用前景。神经毒理学作为毒理学的一个重要分支,量子点的应用也给该领域带来了技术上的革命。本文重点阐述了量子点作为一种新型单分子技术和一种优秀的荧光探针在神经毒理学研究中的应用。同时,作者还简要介绍了量子点进入机体神经系统的途径和影响其应用的一些因素,为今后量子点的生物安全性研究和更好地应用提供了有价值的参考。     

基于DEA模型对循环经济产业链的构建和优化

基于DEA(数据包络模型)对甘肃民勤县红沙岗工业集中区产业链的构建进行了定量优化研究。从发挥当地煤炭资源优势出发,构建了煤-焦炭、煤-甲醇、煤-兰炭-电石和煤-甲醇-二甲醚4条循环经济产业链,选择主要原辅材料消耗和污染物产生量作为投入指标,产值和规模作为产出指标,判断产业链的DEA有效性。结合产业政策要求及集中区重大资源和环境制约因素后,综合确定出适合集中区发展的循环经济产业链和适度的产业规模。结果表明,120万t/a的煤-兰炭-电石产业链为优先发展的产业链。     

The potential risk assessment for different arsenic species in the aquatic environment

The different toxicity characteristics of arsenic species result in discrepant ecological risk. The predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) 43.65, 250.18, and 2.00 × 10³ μg/L were calculated for As(III), As(V), and dimethylarsinic acid in aqueous phase, respectively. With these PNECs, the ecological risk from arsenic species in Pearl River Delta in China and Kwabrafo stream in Ghana was evaluated. It was found that the risk from As(III) and As(V) in the samples from Pearl River Delta was low, while much high in Kwabrafo stream. This study implies that ecological risk of arsenic should be evaluated basing on its species.     

Effects of water regime, crop residues, and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated(100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30℃ for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential(down to- 350 m V) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore,incorporating soil with straw(rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100%water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30℃.     

A comprehensive study of treatment of arsenic in water combining oxidation, coagulation, and filtration

Arsenic is one of the most common inorganic contaminants in groundwater worldwide, mainly due to the release of naturally occurring arsenic from aquifer sediments (Amini et al., 2008, Li and Cai, 2015 and Rahman et al., 2015). Naturally occurring arsenic exists predominantly in arsenate and arsenite species in groundwater.     

固液界面NOM吸附中疏水效应的影响研究

文章以腐殖酸和纳米Fe2O3为对象,着重研究了腐殖酸分子在纳米Fe2O3表面的吸附过程中的疏水效应,借助红外光谱和热重等分析方法研究了腐殖酸吸附前后的疏水性随溶液环境变化的规律。结果表明,当离子强度为0、0.005、0.01和0.05 mol/kg,pH值从7变到12时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着pH值的升高先减小后增大。当pH值从7升高到10时,亲水性降低,疏水性增强;当pH值从10升高到12时,亲水性增强,疏水性降低。当离子强度为0.001 mol/kg,pH值从7变到12时,复合体的热失重量随着pH值的升高而减小,亲水性降低,疏水性增强。当pH值为定值,离子强度变化时,纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的热失重量随着离子强度的增加不断变化,曲线呈现出波动趋势,亲、疏水性在交替变化。红外光谱分析结果说明,对纳米Fe2O3吸附溶解性腐殖酸分子后形成的复合体的亲疏水性起主要影响的官能团可能是亲水性的羟基-OH、羰基C=O和疏水性的CH2烷烃。