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561.
Marques AP Oliveira RS Rangel AO Castro PM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(3):608-620
Zn accumulation in Solanum nigrum grown in naturally contaminated soil in the presence of different types of organic amendments was assessed. Under the same conditions, the response of the plant to inoculation with two different isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus claroideum and Glomus intraradices) was also evaluated. S. nigrum grown in the non-amended soil always presented higher Zn accumulation in the tissues, with the addition of amendments inducing reductions of up to 80 and 40%, for manure and compost, respectively, and enhancing plant biomass yields. The establishment of S. nigrum in the Zn contaminated soil combined with the application of amendments led to a 70-80% reduction in the amount of Zn leached through the soil. The use of S. nigrum in combination with manure appeared as an effective method for reducing the effects of soil contamination, diminishing Zn transfer to other environmental compartments via percolation. 相似文献
562.
Amphibians, particularly frogs and toads, are increasingly used as bioindicators of contaminant accumulation in pollution studies. We developed an analytical technique to analyse their elemental contents based on a small amount of toe bone samples. This method is environment-friendly as, unlike traditional methods, it is not necessary to kill animals during sampling. Using this technique, we explored the effects of urbanization on the elemental contents of toe bones. Bufo bufo specimens were collected from an urban and two rural ponds. The ratios of Ca and P at the ponds were: 20.5% Ca and 14.6% P at the urban pond and 30.4% and 29.6% Ca, 22.4% and 21.7% P at the rural ponds, respectively. For the other elements, the following percentage ratios were found: 0.7% B, 0.3% Mg and 0.06% Zn at the urban pond and 1.1% and 0.4% B, 0.4% Mg and 0.05% Zn at the rural ponds, respectively. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated the separation of the urban and the rural ponds based on the elemental concentrations of toe bones. Significant differences were found between the concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, B and Zn at the urban and the rural ponds (p?0.05). Anthropogenic activity was found to have effects on the elemental contents of toe bones in the urbanized area. Our study also demonstrated that the developed method was appropriate for the elemental analysis of small samples to assess the effects of urbanization. 相似文献
563.
Carballeira C Ramos-Gómez J Martín-Díaz ML DelValls TA Carballeira A 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(5):1305-1316
The increase in aquaculture activities in the last few decades has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in environmental controls and regulations. In this context, the application of environmental monitoring plans (EMPs) has become necessary to assess the environmental impact associated with fish farming wastes. The objective of this review paper is to evaluate the suitability of experimental and analytical procedures as monitoring tools for inclusion in EMPs for intensive land-based marine fish farms (LBMFFs). The strong hydrodynamics and, in particular, the lack of sediment on the rocky coasts where LBMFFs are usually located, greatly limit the monitoring tools that can be used. We propose EMPs that employ a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate: contamination, trophic and toxic effects, and ecological integrity. Laboratory tests, in situ bioassays and field surveys of local species are presented as key tools for assessing the impact of LBMFFs on ecosystems. The δ(15)N signal along a spatial gradient is proposed for evaluating exposure to contaminants. Trophic effects can be determined by growth of transplanted macro- and microalgae. Toxic effects can be evaluated by responses at different levels of biological organization, including biochemical and histological changes, physiological alterations and survival, in species from different trophic levels. Fouling tests and analysis of community structures are recommended for assessing ecological integrity. This review contributes to the development of environmental controls for intensive LBMFFs, and for other activities that discharge wastewater to rocky shores. 相似文献
564.
565.
Pasture selection by livestock is an essential topic for rangeland management, especially in trace element-contaminated soils.
We have studied the composition (nutrients and trace elements) of a grass-based diet from soils affected by a mine spill at
different growth stages (October 2008 to May 2009). A diet based on other plants (mainly Compositae species) was also studied (May 2009) for comparison. Faeces and mane hair of horses feeding on these pastures were also analysed.
Micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and potentially toxic trace element (As, Cd, Pb, Tl) concentrations were below the maximum
tolerable levels (MTL) for horses, except for Fe (at early growth of pastures) and Cd (in the diet based on ‘other’ plants).
Values of potential ingestion of Fe by horses were higher than 10 mg kg body weight − 1 day − 1. Cadmium concentrations in some pasture samples (those composed of Compositae species) were higher than 3 mg kg − 1. Potential toxicity of such Cd levels in pastures is uncertain, since a high disparity of criteria about MTL by cattle exists
(between 0.5 and 10 mg kg − 1 diet). Nutrient concentrations were adequate for horses, which could counteract possible harmful effects derived from trace
element ingestion. The analyses of excreta and mane hair point to the low risk of toxicity derived from the consumption of
these contaminated pastures. However, the ingestion of regenerating pastures (autumnal samples) should be avoided due to the
greater risk of ingestion of contaminated soil attached to the plant material. Management of these pastures by grazing requires
periodic monitoring. Special attention should be given to Fe and particularly Cd (non-essential element) which accumulates
in animal organs, where it could provoke uncertain long-term effects. 相似文献
566.
Sewage pollution effects on mesozooplankton structure in a shallow temperate estuary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biancalana F Menéndez MC Berasategui AA Fernández-Severini MD Hoffmeyer MS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3901-3913
The effects of a sewage effluent with no treatment on the mesozooplankton structure and the environmental quality were evaluated
in the Bahía Blanca Estuary, during June to November 1995. The highest values of particulate organic matter, nutrients and
specially phosphate, were observed in the effluent discharge zone. In addition, taxa richness, mesozooplankton abundance and
Shannon diversity values were lower in the sewage discharge area compared with the less polluted area. Eurytemora americana and Acartia tonsa as well as larvae of Balanus glandula, Neohelice granulata and Spionidae were found in the discharge area with lower densities. These results highlight the importance of sewage effluent
effects on mesozooplankton community providing background data to use in other monitoring programmes. 相似文献
567.
Alves RR Vieira KS Santana GG Vieira WL Almeida WO Souto WM Montenegro PF Pezzuti JC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(11):6877-6901
For many millennia humans and reptiles have interacted, but the attitude of humans towards these animals has depended on culture, environment, and personal experience. At least 719 reptile species are known to occur in Brazil and about 11% of this fauna has been exploited for many different purposes, including bushmeat, leather, ornamental and magic/religious uses, and as folk medicines. Brazil can therefore serve as an interesting case study for better understanding reptile use by human societies, and the present paper catalogues some of the reptile species being used in Brazil and discusses implications for their conservation. A literature review indicated that 81 reptile species are culturally important in this country, with 47 (58%) species having multiple uses, 54 being used for medicinal purposes, 38 as food, 28 for ornamental or decorative purposes, 20 used in magic/religious practices, 18 as pets, and 40 are commonly killed when they come into contact with humans. Regarding their conservation status, 30 (37.5%) are included on State's Red List, Brazilian Red List or the IUCN Red List. There are many forms of interaction between reptiles and humans in Brazil-although most of them are quite negative in terms of wildlife conservation-which reinforces the importance of understanding such uses and interactions in the context of protecting reptiles in Brazil. A better understanding of the cultural, social, and traditional roles of these reptiles is fundamental to establishing management plans for their sustainable use. 相似文献
568.
569.
José Roberto Zúñiga-Silva Wilberth Chan-Cupul Octavio Loera Ricardo Aguilar-López Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares 《Chemistry and Ecology》2016,32(1):49-67
In this research, we evaluated the toxic effect of metal ions on mycelial growth and phosphate-solubilising activity of soil-borne micromycetes isolated from the Phragmites australis rhizosphere using Pikovskaya-agar plates supplemented with four metal concentrations. The diameter growth rate (DGR) decreased as the metal concentration rise for all tested fungi. Trichoderma atroviride had the fastest growth rate (1.48?cm2?day?1) and was the least susceptible to Al3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ with a median effective concentration (MEC50) of 12.19, 0.48, 4.51, 11.44 and 50.05?mM, respectively. Aspergillus japonicus was the most tolerant to Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+, with MEC50 values of 3.36, 1.095 and 2.34?mM, respectively. Penicillium italicum was the most tolerant to Cr6+ (MEC50?=?0.677?mM). The ability to solubilise phosphate remained, despite the decrease in the DGR, and P. italicum and Penicillium dipodomyicola had the highest Phosphate Solubilisation Indexes (PSIs) at 1.97 and 2.12, respectively. In particular, P. italicum recorded the highest PSI of all the studied isolates at 0.62?mM Cr3+ (PSI?=?4.74). A. japonicus and T. atroviride were the most tolerant isolates to all tested metals, which suggests that these isolates are promising candidates for further study with regard to mycoremediation and biofertilisation of metal-polluted soils. 相似文献
570.
Copper (Cu) and diazinon are two widely distributed pollutants; they coexist in agro-ecosystems and cause toxicity to wild biota. This study proposes to analyse the joint toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu and diazinon on the early development of the South American toad, Rhinella arenarum by means of a standardised test. Cu was always more toxic than diazinon. Cu was more embryotoxic while the pesticide was more toxic during the larval exposure than during the embryonic period. The different Cu/diazinon mixtures proportions assayed were significantly less toxic than expected by additive effects. Thus, an antagonistic interaction pattern was observed. This pattern was independent of the assayed proportion, the exposure times and the exposure developmental periods. In the risk assessment analysis to establish water quality criteria, the joint toxicity should be considered at different ratios, exposure time and life period for a certain species, in order to preserve wild species. 相似文献