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141.
Summary. Evidence is presented, obtained with two species of jays, that these birds differ in the ways in which they prepare bombardier
beetles for ingestion. Blue Jays subject bombardiers to “anting,” a procedure by which the beetles are induced to eject their
spray into the plumage of the birds. Florida Scrub Jays, in contrast, which live in an area where the soil is sandy, subject
bombardiers to “sand-wiping,” causing the beetles to eject their spray into the substrate. Both strategies lend themselves
also to pre-ingestive treatment of other chemically protected arthropods. Anting is a strategy widely practiced by birds,
possibly because it can be put to use no matter what the nature of the terrain. Sand-wiping, as implied by its name (which
we here coin), may be of more restricted occurrence, given that it can be carried out only on loose, penetrable soil. 相似文献
142.
Buruli ulcer (BU), an often-deforming skin ulceration caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), is now considered by the World Health Organization to be the third most common mycobacterium infection. However, the reservoir of MU in the environment and the epidemiology of BU are poorly understood. The disease is prevalent in riverine, slow-flowing and swampy areas of several tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially in West Africa where the disease is rapidly increasing in incidence. This paper presents a review of published literature concerning epidemiology of, transmission and susceptibility to MU infection. It considers several endemic natural environments and their influence on infection. 相似文献
143.
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145.
Use of the p,p'-DDD: p,p'-DDE Concentration Ratio to Trace Contaminant Migration from a Hazardous Waste Site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For approximately 50 years, beginning in the 1920s, hazardous wastes were disposed in an 11-hectare area of the Marine Corps Base (MCB) Quantico, Virginia, USA known as the Old Landfill. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT compounds were the primary contaminants of concern. These contaminants migrated into the sediments of a 78-hectare area of the Potomac River, the Quantico Embayment. Fish tissue contamination resulted in the MCB posting signs along the embayment shoreline warning fishermen to avoid consumption. In this paper, we interpret total PCB (t-PCBs) and total DDT (t-DDT, sum of six DDT, DDD, and DDE isomers) data from monitoring studies. We use the ratio of p,p'-DDD to p,p'-DDE concentrations as a tracer to distinguish site-related from regional contamination. The median DDD/DDE ratio in Quantico Embayment sediments (3.5) was significantly higher than the median ratio (0.71) in sediments from nearby Powells Creek, used as a reference area. In general, t-PCBs and t-DDT concentrations were significantly higher in killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Quantico Embayment compared with Powells Creek. For both species, Quantico Embayment fish had mean or median DDD/DDE ratios greater than one. Median ratios were significantly higher in Quantico Embayment (4.6) than Powells Creek (0.28) whole body carp. In contrast, t-PCBs and t-DDT in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets were similar in Quantico Embayment and Powells Creek collections, with median ratios of 0.34 and 0.26, respectively. Differences between species may be attributable to movement (carp and killifish being more localized) and feeding patterns (carp ingesting sediment while feeding). We recommend that environmental scientists use this ratio when investigating sites with DDT contamination. 相似文献
146.
Rainer Haas Alfred Krippendorf 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1997,4(3):123-124
A gas Chromatographic method for the determination of phenylarsenic compounds (sternutators) and their metabolites in soil and material samples is described. The chemical warfare agents (CWA), but not their hydrolysis and oxidation products, can be detected with GC/ECD. After derivatization with thiols or dithiols, the sum of diphenylarsenic and phenylarsenic compounds can be determined with GC/ECD. The comparison of the analytical results with and without derivatization shows that the sternutators in the investigated samples are metabolized in part. 相似文献
147.
Alfred W. Strigl 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2003,5(1-2):255-273
A small part of the scientific community is seeking hard to enhance the contribution of science, knowledge and capacity building to environmentally sustainable and socially fair human development around the world. Many researchers over the globe share the same commitment – anchored in concerns for the human condition. They believe that science and research can and have influenced sustainability. Therefore their main goals are to seek and build up knowledge, know-how and capacity that might help to feed, nurture, house, educate and employ the world's growing human population while conserving its basic life support systems and biodiversity. They undertake projects, that are essentially integrative, and they try to connect the natural, social and engineering sciences, environment and development of communities, multiple stakeholders, geographic and temporal scales. More generally, scientists engaged in sustainable development are bridging the worlds of knowledge and action. This pro-active, heavily ethics- and wisdom-based "science for sustainability" can be seen as the conclusion of all dialogues and discussions amongst scientists at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) 2002 in Johannesburg. The "Plan of Implementation" after WSSD will be based on political will, practical steps and partnerships with time-bound actions. Several "means of implementation" are going to be proofed and initiated: finance, trade, transfer of environmentally sound technology, and, last but not least, science and capacity building.Some characteristics of working scientific sustainability initiatives are that they are regional, place-based and solution-oriented. They are focusing at intermediate scales where multiple stresses intersect, where complexity is manageable, where integration is possible, where innovation happens, and where significant transitions toward sustainability can start bottom-up. And they have a fundamental character, addressing the unity of the nature – society system, asking how that interactive system is evolving and how it can be consciously, if imperfectly, steered through the reflective mobilization and application of appropriate knowledge and know-how. The aims of such sustainability-building initiatives conducted by researchers are: first to make significant progress toward expanding and deepening the research agenda of science and knowledge-building for sustainability; secondly to strengthen the infrastructure and capacity for conducting and applying science, research and technology for sustainability – everywhere in the world where it is needed; and thirdly, to connect science, policy and decision-making more effectively in pursuit of a faster transition towards real sustainable development. The overall characteristic is, that sustainability initiatives are mainly open-ended networks and dialogues for the better future. A world society that tries to turn towards sustainable development has to work hard to refine their clumsy technologies, in "earthing" their responsibility to all creatures and resources, in establishing democratic systems in peace and by heeding human rights, in building up global solidarity through all mankind and in commit themselves to a better life for the next generations. 相似文献
148.
External drift kriging of NOx concentrations with dispersion model output in a reduced air quality monitoring network 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jan van de Kassteele Alfred Stein Arnold L. M. Dekkers Guus J. M. Velders 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(3):321-339
In the mid nineteen eighties the Dutch NOx air quality monitoring network was reduced from 73 to 32 rural and city background stations, leading to higher spatial uncertainties.
In this study, several other sources of information are being used to help reduce uncertainties in parameter estimation and
spatial mapping. For parameter estimation, we used Bayesian inference. For mapping, we used kriging with external drift (KED)
including secondary information from a dispersion model. The methods were applied to atmospheric NOx concentrations on rural and urban scales. We compared Bayesian estimation with restricted maximum likelihood estimation and
KED with universal kriging. As a reference we also included ordinary least squares (OLS). Comparison of several parameter
estimation and spatial interpolation methods was done by cross-validation. Bayesian analysis resulted in an error reduction
of 10 to 20% as compared to restricted maximum likelihood, whereas KED resulted in an error reduction of 50% as compared to
universal kriging. Where observations were sparse, the predictions were substantially improved by inclusion of the dispersion
model output and by using available prior information. No major improvement was observed as compared to OLS, the cause presumably
being that much good information is contained in the dispersion model output, so that no additional spatial residual random
field is required to explain the data. In all, we conclude that reduction in the monitoring network could be compensated by
modern geostatistical methods, and that a traditional simple statistical model is of an almost equal quality.
相似文献
Jan van de KassteeleEmail: |
149.
150.
Alfred B. DelBello 《The Environmentalist》1986,6(4):271-274
Summary As landfill sites reach capacity and are under environmental regulations to close, communities across America face solid waste disposal crises. The City of Baltimore, Maryland, after initially choosing an experimental technology which failed, turned to a proven mass-burn resource recovery system for solid waste disposal. Through a process called privatization, the City shielded itself from financial risk associated with the operation of the plant. Signal Environmental Systems owns and operates the refuse-to-energy facility, which features a mass-burn technology developed in Switzerland by Von Roll, Inc., and charges the City a service fee per ton of refuse processed.The success of the partnership between the public and private sectors for the provision of efficient and reliable solid waste disposal in the City and County of Baltimore can serve as a model for developing and implementing technologies to meet the many other challenges facing the country and the world as a whole.Alfred B. DelBello was at one time Lieutenant Governor of New York and County Executive of New York's Westchester County. As President and Chief Executive Officer of Signal Environmental Systems Inc., he describes a refuse-to-energy facility established by Signal in Baltimore, Maryland. Signal Environmental Systems are currently the largest provider of resource recovery plants in the USA, other contributors are Combustion Engineering, American Ref-Fuel and Ogden; with Foster Wheeler, Blount, and Dravo, being other significant participants. 相似文献