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311.
Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4721-4734
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the leachates originally from the different types of landfill sites was studied based on the data measured using the two manometric methods. The measurements of BOD using the dilution method were carried out to assess the typical physicochemical and biological characteristics of the leachates together with some other parameters. The linear regression analysis was used to predict rate constants for biochemical reactions and ultimate BOD values of the different leachates. The rate of a biochemical reaction implicated in microbial biodegradation of pollutants depends on the leachate characteristics, mass of contaminant in the leachate, and nature of the leachate. Character of leachate samples for BOD analysis of using the different methods may differ significantly during the experimental period, resulting in different BOD values. This work intends to verify effect of the different dilutions for the manometric method tests on the BOD concentrations of the leachate samples to contribute to the assessment of reaction rate and microbial consumption of oxygen. 相似文献
312.
Monitoring the effects of chelating agents and electrical fields on active forms of Pb and Zn in contaminated soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Iman Tahmasbian Ali Akbar Safari Sinegani 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(11):8847-8860
The application of electrical fields and chelating agents is an innovative hybrid technology used for the decontamination of soil polluted by heavy metals. The effects of four center-oriented electrical fields and chelating agents on active fractions of lead and zinc were investigated in this pot experiment. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a synthetic chelator and cow manure extract (CME) and poultry manure extract (PME) as natural chelators were applied to the pots (2 g kg?1) 30 days after the first irrigation. Two weeks later, four center-oriented electrical fields were applied in each pot (in three levels of 0, 10, and 30 V) for 1 h each day for 14 days. The soil near the cathode and anodes was collected and analyzed as cathodic and anodic soil, respectively. Results indicated that the soluble–exchangeable fraction of lead and zinc were decreased in the cathodic soil, while the carbonate-bound fractions were increased. In the anodic soil, however, the opposite result was observed. EDTA enhanced the soluble–exchangeable form of the metals in both anodic and cathodic soils. Furthermore, the amounts of carbonate-bound heavy metals were increased by the application of CME in both soils. The organic-bound fraction of the metals was increased by the application of natural chelators, while electrical fields had no significant impacts on this fraction. 相似文献
313.
Arkian F Salahinejad M Bidokhti AA Meshkatee A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):325-330
Measurement of gross α, gross β activities and cosmogenic beryllium-7 (7Be) concentrations were made both daily and weekly during the years 2001–2004 from samples of atmospheric aerosols filtered
from the air at Tehran Nuclear Research Center (35 41′ N) and Zahedan (28 29′ N). Weekly aerosol samples collected with the
high-volume air samplers on cellulose filters were used to determine the 7Be contents of samples, using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. Airborne dust samples were collected daily on fiber glass
filters and used to determine the gross β and gross α activities with automatic beta analyzer and a ZnS(Ag) counter, respectively.
In this work, the concentration and meteorological data were used to determine models for gross α, gross β and 7Be. The air concentrations of gross β and gross α activities and 7Be concentrations displayed lognormal distributions during the study period. Both β and 7Be have maximum activity concentrations during warm mid-year months. 相似文献
314.
Jamrah A Al-Futaisi A Prathapar S Harrasi AA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):315-327
This study aims to evaluate the potential of greywater availability in Muscat Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, to establish
a methodology for greywater quantity estimation, to test greywater quality in order to assess reuse potential, and to examine
public acceptance for reuse.Total fresh water consumption and greywater generation from different household sources were measured
by water meters in five selected households during summer and winter. Additionally, a survey was designed and conducted in
five administrative areas of Muscat Governorate, with the objective of testing a methodology for estimating greywater generation
potential in these areas. Collected data were compared with that used by the Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Sultanate
of Oman. The survey covered a total of 169 houses and 1,365 people. Greywater samples were collected and analyzed from showers,
laundries, kitchens and sinks in some of these households to determine their water quality parameters. Statistical analysis
results indicated that there is no significant variance in the total fresh water consumption between data used by the ministry
and those measured and estimated during this study, highlighting the applicability of the tested method. The study concluded
that the average per capita greywater generation rate is 151 Lpcd. Greywater production ranged from 80 to 83% of the total
fresh water consumption and most of the greywater is generated from showers. Further, 55 to 57% of the greywater generated
in a typical Omani household originated from the shower, 28 to 33% originated from the kitchen, 6 to 9% originated from laundry,
and 5 to 7% originated from sink, which constitutes approximately 81% of the total fresh water consumption. The physical,
chemical, and biological analyses of the grab samples revealed that greywater contains significant levels of suspended solids,
inorganic constituents, total organic carbon, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands, total Coliforms and Escherichia Coliform
bacteria. The public acceptance survey illustrated that approximately 76% of the respondents accepted the reuse of greywater
for gardening, 53% for car washing and 66% for toilet flushing. 相似文献
315.
Demirkesen AC Evrendilek F Berberoglu S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):101-106
The vulnerability of low-lying coastal areas in Turkey to inundation was quantified based on the sea-level rise scenarios
of 1, 2, and 3 m by 2205. Through digital elevation model (DEM) acquired by the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM), the
extent and distribution of the high to low-risk coastal plains were identified. The spatio-temporal analysis revealed the
inundated coastal areas of 545, 1,286, and 2,125 km2 at average rates of 5, 10, and 15 mm yr−1 for 200 years, respectively. This is equivalent to minimum and maximum land losses by 2205 of 0.1–0.3% of the total area
and of 1.3–5.2% of the coastal areas with elevations of less than 100 m in the country, respectively. This study provides
an initial assessment of vulnerability to sea-level rise to help decision-makers, and other concerned stakeholders to develop
appropriate public policies and land-use planning measures. 相似文献
316.
Recognition and understanding of landscape dynamics as a historical legacy of disturbances are necessary for sustainable management
of forest ecosystems. This study analyzed spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover patterns in a typical mountain
watershed in the Gumushane district along the Northeastern part of Turkey. The area is investigated by comparing LANDSAT images
from 1987 to 2000 and evaluated the temporal changes of spatial structure of forest conditions through spatial analysis of
forest cover type maps from 1971 and 1987 using GIS and FRAGSTATS™.
The results show a general decreasing trend in area of natural land cover types including broadleaf and conifer forests as
well as coppice between 1971 and 1987 (0.54%, respectively). In contrast, between 1987 and 2000 this natural land cover types
show increasing trend (1.6%). In parallel with forest dynamics, the area of managed land including lowland and upland agricultural
areas, rangelands and grasslands increased during the first period and decreased during second period. In terms of spatial
configuration, Gümüşhane forests aren’t generally fragmented by intensive forest utilization in the latter periods. This is
partially due to out-migration of rural population in Gümüşhane. Nevertheless, land use pattern significantly changed over
time depending on a few factors such as unregulated management actions, social pressure and demographic movements. The study
revealed that demographic movements have a major effect on landscape dynamics. 相似文献
317.
Altun L Baskent EZ Gunlu A Kadiogullari AI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):149-161
The productivity of forest sites has been indirectly determined with solo wood production objective in forest management.
Forest site productivity should, however, be determined directly in order to implement ecosystem based multipurpose forest
management philosophy. This article tackles the problem in distinguishing and mapping forest sites using both direct method
and indirect method in Genya Mountain located in central of Artvin State Forest Enterprise. About 112 sample plots were designed
and distributed over the area. In each sample plot, soil samples were collected and the classical timber inventory measurements
were taken. According to direct method, Soil Moisture Regime (SMR) method is preferred due to a water deficiency in the study
area. Water holding capacity was used as an essential criterion for the classification of the forest site. Forest site classifications
were assigned regarding the physiographic factors such as landform, aspect, and slope. Five different forest sites classes;
dry, moderate fresh, fresh, humid and hygric were determined. According to direct method, the guiding curve was used to generate
anamorphic site index (SI) equations and three site index classes; good (SI=I–II), medium (SI=III) and low (SI=IV–V) were
determined. Some important differences between the methods were realized. The forest sites determined with site index estimation
method indicate that site index I and II is 505.99 ha, III 1095.79 ha and IV and V 992.95 ha, whereas forest sites determined
with direct method related to dry site of 937.58 ha, moderate fresh site of 931.90 ha, fresh site of 1,797.71 ha, humid site
of 80.48 ha and hygric site of 356.55 ha. The forest site maps of both methods were created using GIS functions. The forest
sites of open and degraded areas should be determined according to direct method. 相似文献
318.
This paper presents an application of water quality mapping through real-time satellite and ground data. The Lake Beysehir which is the largest freshwater lake and drinking water reservoir in Turkey was selected as the study area. Terra ASTER satellite image is used as remote sensing data source for water quality mapping in addition to simultaneously performed in-situ measurements. Ground data is collected simultaneously with the ASTER overpass on June 09, 2005 over the Lake Beysehir. The spatial distribution map is developed by using multiple regression (MR) technique for water quality parameter, which is chlorophyll-a (chl-a). The results indicate that simultaneous ground and satellite remote sensing data are highly correlated (R (2) > 0.86). In the image processing step, geometric correction, image filtering and development of water quality map procedures are performed with the ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS 9.0 software. The trophic status of Lake Beysehir is considered to be oligotrophic with an average 1.55 microg/l chl-a concentration. 相似文献
319.
Cicek A Aslan A Yazici K Savas Koparal A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,154(1-4):187-195
Environmental conditions affect human life in various ways. One of the domains of environmental conditions is buildings, and amongst them, a major and important group is the historical buildings. To keep this inheritance alive, one needs to determine the effects of environmental conditions. In this work, effects of lichens and NOx on 7 historical buildings in Erzurum were investigated. Historical buildings are readily available for lichen growth, which takes a long time, and this growth was investigated as a sample of environmental effect that occurs through long periods of time. NOx, main source of which is traffic in Erzurum, were considered as the environmental effect of daily life. 相似文献
320.