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501.
Household Behaviour in Response to Earthquake Risk: An Assessment of Alternative Theories 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Households respond to earthquake risk in different ways. The main theories explaining human behaviour under threat of earthquakes are reviewed. A survey of households' responses in Tehran and Rasht in Iran to earthquake risks is used to assess the validity of psychological, 'need', socio-cultural and economic theories in explaining behaviour. More support of cognitive and cultural theories is found rather than economic and 'need' theories of earthquake safety measures; this suggests that positive adoption of mitigation measures can be encouraged in terms of cognitive processes through information and education. 相似文献
502.
Gundo Susiarjo Sree N. Sreenath Ali M. Vali 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2006,8(3):313-349
In this paper we develop a novel, comprehensive method for estimating the global human carrying capacity in reference to food
production factors and levels of food consumption. Other important interrelated dimensions of carrying capacity such as energy,
non-renewable resources, and ecology are not considered here and offer opportunities for future work. Use of grain production
(rain-fed/irrigated), animal product production (grazing/factory farm), diet pattern (grain/animal products), and a novel
water accounting method (demand/supply) based on actual water consumption and not on withdrawal, help resolve uncertainties
to find better estimates. Current Western European food consumption is used as a goal for the entire world. Then the carrying
capacity lies in the range of 4.5–4.7 billion but requiring agricultural water use increase by 450–530% to 4725–5480 km3, the range based on different estimates of available water. The cost of trapping and conveying such water, will run 4.5–13.5
trillion over 50 years requiring an annual spending increase of 150–400%, straining the developing world where most of the
population increase is expected. We reconfirm estimates in the literature using a dynamic model. ‘Corner scenarios’ with extreme
optimistic assumptions were analyzed using the reasoning support software system GLOBESIGHT. With a hypothetical scenario
with a mainly vegetarian diet (grazing only with 5% animal product), the carrying capacity can be as high as 14 billion. Ecological
deterioration that surely accompanies such a population increase would negatively impact sustainable population. Using our
approach the impact of ecological damage could be studied. Inter- and intra-regional inequities are other considerations that
need to be studied. 相似文献
503.
504.
505.
Ali Aydin Jennifer L. Cannon Tong Zhao Michael P. Doyle 《Food and environmental virology》2013,5(4):215-219
Influenza A virus poses a major public health concern and is associated with annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza A H3N2 viruses, which are an important cause of human influenza, can infect birds and mammals. Contaminated undercooked poultry products including eggs with avian influenza virus constitute a possible risk of transmission to humans. In this study, a novel levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sanitizer was evaluated for eggshell decontamination. Influenza A H3N2 virus-inoculated chicken eggshells were treated with a 5 % levulinic acid plus 2 % SDS, 2 % levulinic acid plus 1 % SDS, and 0.5 % levulinic acid plus 0.5 % SDS liquid solution for 1 min. Log reductions of viable viruses were observed by plaque assay. The 5 % levulinic acid plus 2 % SDS sanitizer provided the greatest level of influenza A H3N2 virus inactivation (2.23 log PFU), and differences in virus inactivation were observed for the various levulinic acid plus SDS concentrations tested (P ≤ 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating influenza A H3N2 virus inactivation on eggshells using a novel levulinic acid plus SDS sanitizer. The sanitizer may be useful for reducing egg contamination and preventing the spread of avian influenza virus to humans. 相似文献
506.
Mohammad Aslam Khan S. Akhtar Ali Shah 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):629-644
South Asia is one of the most densely populated regions of the world, where despite a slow growth, agriculture remains the
backbone of rural economy as it employs one half to over 90 percent of the labor force. Both extensive and intensive policy
measures for agriculture development to feed the massive population of the region have resulted in land degradation and desertification,
water scarcity, pollution from agrochemicals, and loss of agricultural biodiversity. The social and ethical aspects portray
even a grimmer picture of the region with growing poverty mainly, amongst small farmers, food scarcity, and overall poor quality
of life. This article reviews the historical perspective of agriculture development in the region and gives a panoramic view
of the policy initiatives and their environmental as well as social and ethical spin-offs. The aim is to explore the environmental
and ethical dimensions of the agricultural development in South Asia and recommend a holistic approach in formulating plans
and programs to combat environmental degradation, hunger, and poverty resulting from unsustainable agricultural practices. 相似文献
507.
Heavy metal pollution caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to urban environmental quality
and human health. In this paper, soils of Kerman urban and suburban areas were collected to assess the potential effects of
traffic and other vehicle-related pollution by heavy metal accumulation in soils. Eighty-six samples were collected along
streets and from residential and rural sectors, as well as vehicle-related workshops from depth of 0–5 and 15–20 cm and analyzed
by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn), as well as major elements (Al,
Ca, Fe and Mn). Several hot-spot areas were identified in the composite geochemical maps produced based on Geographical Information
System (GIS) technology. The majority of the hot-spot areas were identified to be vehicle-related workshops, fuel stations
and road junctions. The most polluted hot-spot in the study area was located in soils close to a car battery processing workshop
in the southwestern part of Kerman city, with concentrations of Cd (0.32 mg/kg), Cr (169 mg/kg), Cu (250 mg/kg), Pb (5,780 mg/kg),
Sn (27.2 mg/kg) and Zn (178 mg/kg) of 1, 8.5, 8.3, 230, 13.5 and 3 times more than the relevant mean concentrations in natural
soils, respectively. Traffic pollution has resulted in significant accumulation of heavy metals in soils and sediments, and
that level of accumulation varied remarkably among elements. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, most parts of soils and
sediments of the Kerman basement consist of calcite and clay minerals. Abundance of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH
causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman. 相似文献
508.
509.
Ali Hosseini Justin Emrys Brown Mark Dowdall William Standring Per Strand 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,173(1-4):653-667
Significant shifts in opinion regarding environmental protection from ionising radiation have resulted in the development and availability of bespoke approaches for the assessment of impacts on wildlife from radioactive contaminants. The application of such assessment methodologies to actual situations, however, remains relatively limited. This paper describes the implementation of the ERICA Integrated Approach and associated tools within the context of routine discharges of radioactive materials to a freshwater environment. The article follows the implementation through its relevant stages and discusses strengths and weaknesses of the approach in relation to the case study. For current discharge levels, 137Cs and 60Co constitute the main dose contributors to the majority of reference organisms studied, although 241Am and 3H are the main contributors for the phyto- and zooplankton categories. Patterns are observed depending on whether the reference organism is sediment-associated or not. At current discharge levels, none of the reference organisms exceeded or approached the selected screening level, and impacts on biota could be regarded as negligible. 相似文献
510.
This study has evaluated the levels of natural radionuclides and chemical components of mineral waters in the Eastern Black Sea Region (Turkey). The mean activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th, (137)Cs, (40)K, gross alpha and gross beta were found as 129, 33, 28, 714, 125 and 170 mBq L(-1), respectively. Due to consumption of mineral waters, the radiological impact of them on the inhabitants was calculated by taking the annual intake into account through ingestion of aforementioned radionuclides. The estimated effective doses from mineral water were found to be 13.20 μSv year(-1) ((226)Ra), 2.74 μSv year(-1) ((232)Th), 0.13 μSv year(-1) ((137)Cs) and 1.62 μSv year(-1) ((40)K). The overall contribution of these radionuclides to the committed effective dose from a year's consumption of mineral water in the region is therefore estimated to be only 17.69%, which is in concordance with the recommended WHO value (100 μSv year(-1)). The chemical analysis results showed that these waters contain Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn elements. These values were evaluated and compared with the internationally verified values. This study provides important information for consumers and authorities because of their internal radiochemical exposure risk from mineral water intake. 相似文献