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排序方式: 共有253条查询结果,搜索用时 500 毫秒
101.
OBJECTIVE: to determine access to vehicles, vehicle ownership and its correlates, and types of vehicles driven by teenagers during their first year of licensure. METHODS: About 3,500 Connecticut teenagers and their parents recruited at DMV offices participated in a study aimed at persuading parents to impose and maintain driving restrictions on their sons and daughters. Telephone interviews with teens and parents, which included questions on vehicles driven, were conducted upon licensure and at intervals throughout the year. RESULTS: The majority of both male and female teens owned vehicles immediately upon licensure. Family income and number of vehicles in the family were associated with early ownership. A year later 74% owned vehicles. Small cars, which provide inferior crash protection, were the most popular vehicle; the percent driving small cars increased from 36% to 42% over the year. About 25% were driving SUVs, pickups, or sports cars, which may increase crash risk for young beginners. One year after licensure, only 35% of teens were driving midsize or large passenger cars, the types of vehicles recommended for them, and about one-third of these vehicles were 10 or more years old. Owners were more likely than non-owners to drive older and smaller vehicles, to drive more miles, do more risky driving, and to have more traffic violations and crashes. DISCUSSION: Many teenagers in Connecticut were driving vehicles that rank low in crash protection or may increase crash risk. Attention to the young driver problem has been focused primarily on managing driving risks through graduated licensing systems. More attention needs to be given to the vehicles teens drive, and how decisions about vehicle type and ownership are made. Parents exert control over what vehicles their sons and daughters drive, and may benefit from information on how to make choices that better balance cost, safety, and other factors that go into these decisions. 相似文献
102.
Simonsen A Holtze MS Sørensen SR Sørensen SJ Aamand J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(1):289-295
Mineralisation of the groundwater contaminant 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), a metabolite from the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was studied in soil samples obtained from 39 locations previously exposed to dichlobenil. Rapid BAM mineralisation was detected in samples from six locations with 5.2-64.6% of the added BAM mineralised within 48-50 days. From one location rapid BAM mineralisation was observed in soil samples down to a depth of 2 m below the surface. One location with fast BAM mineralisation showed significant dichlobenil degradation activity with 25.5% of the added dichlobenil being mineralised within 50 days. By inoculating soil showing the fastest mineralisation of BAM into a mineral medium with BAM as the only carbon and nitrogen source an enrichment culture was established. Community analysis based on extracted DNA revealed a change of the bacterial community but without any clear indication of key members within the BAM-mineralising culture. Parallel cultivation resulted for the first time in the isolation of a BAM-mineralising bacterium, identified as an Aminobacter sp. 相似文献
103.
Allan IJ Semple KT Hare R Reid BJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(2):562-571
In this study, an aqueous-based hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction technique was assessed for its capacity to determine the microbially degradable fraction of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four dissimilar soils. A linear relationship (slope=0.90; R2=0.89), approaching 1:1 between predicted and observed phenanthrene mineralization, was demonstrated for the cyclodextrin extraction; however, the water only extraction underestimated the microbially available fraction by a factor of three (slope=3.35; R2=0.64). With respect to determining the mineralizable fraction of p-cresol in soils, the cyclodextrin extraction (slope=0.94; R2=0.84) was more appropriate than the water extraction (slope=1.50; R2=0.36). Collectively, these results suggested that the cyclodextrin extraction technique was suitable for the prediction of the mineralizable fraction of representative PAHs and phenols present in dissimilar soils following increasing soil-contaminant contact times. The assessment of the microbial availability of contaminants in soils is important for a more representative evaluation of soil contamination. 相似文献
104.
A study of water quality, land use, and population variations over the past three decades was conducted in eastern Massachusetts
to examine the impact of urban sprawl on water quality using geographic information system and statistical analyses. Since
1970, eastern Massachusetts has experienced pronounced urban sprawl, which has a substantial impact on water quality. High
spatial correlations are found between water quality indicators (especially specific conductance, dissolved ions, including
Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl, and dissolved solid) and urban sprawl indicators. Urbanized watersheds with high population density, high
percentage of developed land use, and low per capita developed land use tended to have high concentrations of water pollutants.
The impact of urban sprawl also shows clear spatial difference between suburban areas and central cities: The central cities
experienced lower increases over time in specific conductance concentration, compared to suburban and rural areas. The impact
of urban sprawl on water quality is attributed to the combined effects of population and land-use change. Per capita developed
land use is a very important indicator for studying the impact of urban sprawl and improving land use and watershed management,
because inclusion of this indicator can better explain the temporal and spatial variations of more water quality parameters
than using individual land use or/and population density. 相似文献
105.
106.
107.
Veterinary antimicrobials in feedlot manure: dissipation during composting and effects on composting processes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cessna AJ Larney FJ Kuchta SL Hao X Entz T Topp E McAllister TA 《Journal of environmental quality》2011,40(1):188-198
Composting of manure may lead to the degradation of veterinary antimicrobials, but it is largely unknown if the presence of antimicrobials affects the composting process. Open-air windrow composting of manure from beef cattle (Bos taurus) administered chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and tylosin was investigated in a 2-yr study. At windrow construction, chlortetracycline had extensively isomerized to iso-chlortetracycline. Sulfamethazine, tylosin, and iso-chlortetracycline dissipated by first-order kinetics, whereas the dissipation of enol/keto-chlortetracycline was better described by exponential equations. At the end of the composting period, proportions of antimicrobials remaining were as follows: iso-chlortetracycline (< 1%), chlortetracycline (1 to 4.5%), tylosin (6.3%), and sulfamethazine (6.8% [2005], 41% [2006]). Times for 50% dissipation (DT50) decreased in the order: tylosin (20.3 to 43.5 d) > iso-chlortetracycline (13.5 to 26.5 d) > enol/keto-chlortetracycline (5.5 to 9.8 d). The DT50 values for sulfamethazine varied from 26.8 d in 2005 to 237 d in 2006. Treatments with chlortetracycline showed significantly reduced temperature rises (10.1 to 11.0 degrees C) between Days 21 to 28 in 2006 compared with rises of 26.6 to 31.0 degrees C for control and tylosin treatments, suggesting an inhibition of microbial activity. During composting in 2005, manure from cattle administered chlortetracycline at 44 mg kg(-1) of feed lost significantly less dry matter, carbon, and nitrogen than manure from cattle fed 11 mg chlortetracycline kg(-1) of feed, implying that the higher level of chlortetracycline inhibited microbial decomposition of organic matter. The study shows that while composting leads to dissipation of antimicrobials, the microbially driven composting process may be inhibited by their presence. 相似文献
108.
Measurement of environmental pollutants using passive sampling devices--a commentary on the current state of the art 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mills GA Greenwood R Vrana B Allan IJ Ocelka T 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(11):2979-2982
Passive sampling devices have been used since the 1970s to measure time-weighted average (TWA) or equilibrium concentrations of pollutants in various environmental matrices (e.g. air, soils and sediments and water). In recent years the popularity of using such samplers has increased and the technology in now well established for the measurement of atmospheric pollutants. This sector has a long experience of using passive samplers in the short- and long-term assessment of air quality in the local environment and on a global scale (e.g. within the United Nations Stockholm Convention on the trans-boundary movement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) where large networks of samplers on a continental scale have been established). In comparison, the use of passive samplers for monitoring the aquatic environment has been slower to take off. There has, however, been a recent research drive to develop devices for measuring the wide range of pollutants that can be found in environmental waters (e.g. ground, surface, and marine). It is now being recognised that passive samplers can play a valuable role in monitoring water quality within a legislative framework such as the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD). The data from these devices can be used alongside the results obtained from conventional spot or bottle sampling to improve risk assessments and to inform decisions on undertaking potentially expensive remedial actions. Such monitoring techniques may have uses within the European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation & restriction of CHemicals (REACH) Directive and the forthcoming European Marine Strategy Directive. It is expected that the aquatic monitoring sector will follow a transition similar to that which occurred in air monitoring where data obtained from passive samplers can use used within a legal framework. There has also been increased interest in extending the role of passive samplers to both the measurement of equilibrium concentrations and investigating the movement and release of the dissolved fraction of various pollutants in the pore water of sediments and soils. 相似文献
109.
110.
Allan F. Williams JoAnn K. Wells Anne T. McCartt David F. Preusser 《Journal of Safety Research》2000,31(4):249-201
In the mid-1980s, the first formal seat-belt enforcement program in the United States was conducted in Elmira, NY. Front seat-belt use increased from 49% to 80%, and the Elmira program became a model for other such programs. In the spring of 1999, the New York State Police launched a statewide seat-belt enforcement campaign, and the Elmira program was revived as part of this effort. This 3-week program was coordinated by the Chemung County Sheriff's Office, and carried out in cooperation with local police departments as well as the state police. The earlier Elmira program emphasized the health and safety benefits of seat belts and warning periods prior to tickets being issued. The 1999 program featured a strong no-excuses, no-warning enforcement message, 32 belt-use checkpoints, and publicity about the enforcement through a variety of mechanisms, including feedback signs that informed motorists of current belt use rates. Front seat-belt use increased from 69% to 90%. Public opinion surveys indicated the program was well known to Elmira residents, and had the support of 79% of those polled. The 1999 Elmira program demonstrates that high-intensity enforcement programs can increase seat-belt use to very high levels with strong community support. 相似文献