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41.
Amos A. de JongAuthor Vitae Piety R. RunhaarAuthor Vitae 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2012,33(1):23-31
A growing number of low and middle income nations (LMCs) have adopted some sort of system for environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, generally many of these EIA systems are characterised by a low performance in terms of timely information dissemination, monitoring and enforcement after licencing. Donor actors (such as the World Bank) have attempted to contribute to a higher performance of EIA systems in LMCs by intervening at two levels: the project level (e.g. by providing scoping advice or EIS quality review) and the system level (e.g. by advising on EIA legislation or by capacity building). The aims of these interventions are environmental protection in concrete cases and enforcing the institutionalisation of environmental protection, respectively. Learning by actors involved is an important condition for realising these aims. A relatively underexplored form of learning concerns learning at EIA system-level via project level donor interventions. This ‘indirect’ learning potentially results in system changes that better fit the specific context(s) and hence contribute to higher performances. Our exploratory research in Ghana and the Maldives shows that thus far, ‘indirect’ learning only occurs incidentally and that donors play a modest role in promoting it. Barriers to indirect learning are related to the institutional context rather than to individual characteristics. Moreover, ‘indirect’ learning seems to flourish best in large projects where donors achieved a position of influence that they can use to evoke reflection upon system malfunctions. In order to enhance learning at all levels donors should thereby present the outcomes of the intervention elaborately (i.e. discuss the outcomes with a large audience), include practical suggestions about post-EIS activities such as monitoring procedures and enforcement options and stimulate the use of their advisory reports to generate organisational memory and ensure a better information dissemination. 相似文献
42.
Amos P.K. Tai Loretta J. Mickley Daniel J. Jacob 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(32):3976-3984
We applied a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to study the correlations of total PM2.5 and its components with meteorological variables using an 11-year (1998–2008) observational record over the contiguous US. The data were deseasonalized and detrended to focus on synoptic-scale correlations. We find that daily variation in meteorology as described by the MLR can explain up to 50% of PM2.5 variability with temperature, relative humidity (RH), precipitation, and circulation all being important predictors. Temperature is positively correlated with sulfate, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) almost everywhere. The correlation of nitrate with temperature is negative in the Southeast but positive in California and the Great Plains. RH is positively correlated with sulfate and nitrate, but negatively with OC and EC. Precipitation is strongly negatively correlated with all PM2.5 components. We find that PM2.5 concentrations are on average 2.6 μg m?3 higher on stagnant vs. non-stagnant days. Our observed correlations provide a test for chemical transport models used to simulate the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change. They point to the importance of adequately representing the temperature dependence of agricultural, biogenic and wildfire emissions in these models. 相似文献
43.
Saniye Turk Culha Hakkı Dereli Fatma Rabia Karaduman Mehmet Culha 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(12):11584-11597
This study was performed to determine the concentrations of some trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Fe) in Holothuria tubuosa (Gmelin, 1788) belonging to Echinoderm species and in sediments that they live at three different stations (Gelibolu, Umur Bey/Lapseki, and Dardanos) on Dardanelles Strait between April 2013 and March 2014. The mean trace metal concentrations determined in H. tubulosa and sediment were as follows: Cd 0.18 mg/kg, Cu 2.43 mg/kg, Pb 2.09 mg/kg, Ni 14.58 mg/kg, Zn 16.86 mg/kg, and Fe 73.46 mg/kg and Cd 0.70 mg/kg, Cu 5.03 mg/kg, Pb 14.57 mg/kg, Ni 27.15 mg/kg, Zn 54.52 mg/kg, and Fe 3779.9 mg/kg, respectively. It was detected that the statistical difference between trace metals determined seasonally in muscle tissue of H. tubulosa was significant (p?>?0.05). As a result of the study, it was detected that H. tubulosa is a bioindicator species in determining Ni trace metal in sediment. The results were compared to the limit values of National and International Food Safety, and it was detected that Cd and Ni concentrations measured in sediment were above LEL of Ni and Cd concentrations according to Sediment Quality Guidelines. 相似文献
44.
In many natural and contaminated aquifers, geochemical processes result in the production or consumption of dissolved gases. In cases where methanogenesis or denitrification occurs, the production of gases may result in the formation and growth of gas bubbles below the water table. Near the water table, entrapment of atmospheric gases during water table rise may provide a significant source of O(2) to waters otherwise depleted in O(2). Furthermore, the presence of bubbles will affect the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer, resulting in changes to the groundwater flow regime. The interactions between physical transport, biogeochemical processes, and gas bubble formation, entrapment and release is complex and requires suitable analysis tools. The objective of the present work is the development of a numerical model capable of quantitatively assessing these processes. The multicomponent reactive transport code MIN3P has been enhanced to simulate bubble growth and contraction due to in-situ gas production or consumption, bubble entrapment due to water table rise and subsequent re-equilibration of the bubble with ambient groundwater, and permeability changes due to trapped gas phase saturation. The resulting formulation allows for the investigation of complex geochemical systems where microbially mediated redox reactions both produce and consume gases as well as affect solution chemistry, alkalinity, and pH. The enhanced model has been used to simulate processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer where methanogenesis is an important redox process. The simulations are constrained by data from a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, MN. Our results suggest that permeability reduction in the methanogenic zone due to in-situ formation of gas bubbles, and dissolution of entrapped atmospheric bubbles near the water table, both work to attenuate the dissolved gas plume emanating from the source zone. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate that under the given conditions more than 50% of all produced CH(4) partitions to the gas phase or is aerobically oxidised near the water table, suggesting that these processes should be accounted for when assessing the rate and extent of methanogenic degradation of hydrocarbons. 相似文献
45.
Agriculture in the Slovenian Transitional Economy: The Preservation of Genetic Diversity of Plants and Ethical Consequences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Ivancic J. Turk C. Rozman M. Sisko 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(4):337-365
Slovene agriculture is going throughdrastic changes. Most of the land is stillowned by small farmers. The production isoriented to the market and is based on modernWestern technology. It is associated withincreasing pollution and is becoming a seriousthreat to biodiversity. Many of the wild plantsare endangered due to genetic erosion withinspecies. The traditional crops and varietiesare being replaced by imported materials andthe use of chemicals has been increasing. Manyof the traditional varieties have beenneglected and/or lost. The existing germplasmcollections are incomplete and frequently donot include traditional varieties. There areonly a few breeding organizations with limitedcapacities and collections. The legislation isnot efficient enough to protect the environmentand biotic diversity. Schools, media,religious, sport, tourist, and otherorganizations should be more active inpromoting the respect for biodiversity. 相似文献
46.
Ecological parameters and disinfection effect of low-temperature laundering in hospitals in Slovenia
Brigita Altenbaher Sonja Šostar Turk Sabina Fijan 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(2-3):253-258
The aim of this research was to determine the influence of laundering procedures on the ecological parameters of wastewater and the electric energy consumption. Laundering procedures were simulated in a laboratory washing machine and the parameters temperature, duration and concentration of disinfection agents were varied until the optimal conditions were found for low-temperature laundering while achieving an appropriate disinfection effect with peroxyacetic acid and minimal damages to the textiles. The disinfection effect was determined using standard bioindicators Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Candida albicans. The optimal low-temperature laundering procedure at 40 °C was then evaluated according to the Slovenian regulations for wastewater reuse and the toxicity of the wastewater on activated sludge as well as the wastewater biodegradability were determined. It was found that an optimal low-temperature laundering procedure at 40 °C decreased the energy consumption while reaching an adequate disinfection effect with somewhat higher dosages of chemicals and with lower damages to the textiles due to lower washing temperatures. The wastewater was found to have a certain level of pollution and was biodegradable and can therefore be treated using biological treatment. 相似文献
47.
Na’ama Morag Ally R. Harari Amos Bouskila Tamar Keasar 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(12):2287-2296
Mothers can epigenetically influence their progeny’s characteristics in response to environmental conditions they experience,
thereby increasing offspring adaptation to anticipated future conditions. When resource shortage is anticipated, females are
expected to produce larger offspring, as large body size often confers competitive and dispersal advantages. We tested this
hypothesis using the polyembryonic parasitoid, Copidosoma koehleri. In this wasp, each egg proliferates into a clone of genetically identical individuals within its moth host, and body size
correlates negatively with clone size. We expected females anticipating resource limitation to produce fewer and larger offspring
per clone than females that anticipate abundant resources. Encounter rates of parasitoid females with hosts were manipulated
to simulate varying levels of resource availability. High-encounter-rate females were introduced to ten hosts successively,
while low-encounter-rate females encountered each of ten hosts at 8-h intervals. To control for female age at oviposition,
we also introduced females at different ages to a single host. Contrary to our predictions, low-encounter-rate females produced
larger offspring clones than high-encounter-rate females, and offspring body size did not differ between treatments. Low-encounter-rate
females were shorter-lived than females that encountered hosts successively. Single-oviposition females resembled the high-encounter-rate
females in longevity but produced as many offspring per clone as in the low-encounter-rate treatment. Female age, and number
of previous host encounters, did not affect offspring clone size. These results suggest that offspring proliferation bears
a cost to mothers, thus mothers that repeatedly induce high proliferation in their offspring pay an increased price. 相似文献
48.
49.
50.
Ittai?GavrieliEmail author Amos?Bein Aharon?Oren 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(1):3-22
The Dead Sea of Israel, Jordan and Syria is a severely disturbed ecosystem, greatly damaged by anthropogenic intervention
in its water balance. During the 20 th century, the Dead Sea level dropped by more than 25 meters, and presently (2003) it
is at about 416 meters below mean sea level. This negative water balance is mainly due to the diversion of water from the
catchment area of the lake by Israel, Jordan and Syria. During the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development Israel and
Jordan jointly announced their interest in saving the Dead Sea by constructing the ‘Peace Conduit’ that will pipe water from
the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. The inflow of seawater (or reject brine after desalinization) into the Dead Sea will have a major
impact on its limnology, geochemistry and biology. During the filling stage, relatively diluted surface water will form and
the rate of evaporation will therefore increase. Dilution of the surface water will most likely result in microbial blooming
whose duration is not known, while the lower water layer is likely to develop reducing conditions, including bacterial sulfate
reduction and presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Mixing between the calcium-rich Dead Sea brine and the sulfate-rich seawater will result in gypsum precipitation (CaSO4·2H2O). Once the target level is reached, inflow will be outbalanced by evaporation and salinity of the surface water will increase
due to accumulation of sea water-salts. The water column will remix when the density of the surface water will equal that
of the lower water column. In spite of its large volume and high salinity relative to that of the inflowing water, over the
long run the composition of this unique lake will change. Before a decision is made on the planning and construction of the
Conduit, it is essential that the long term evolution and characteristics of the ‘renewed’ Dead Sea be known and anticipated
changes examined. Once decided upon, the planning and construction of the Conduit should be conducted so as to minimize possible
negative impacts of seawater introduction on the Dead Sea. This can only be achieved through a thorough understanding of the
expected changes in the limnological physical/chemical characteristics of the Dead Sea and its unique brine. 相似文献