磁场对静态纳滤过程的膜通量及CaCO3结晶的影响

使用NF270型和NF型纳滤膜研究了经磁化预处理的钙溶液的静态纳滤过程,并与未经磁化预处理钙溶液的静态纳滤结果相比较.结果表明,当水样中Ca²⁺ 浓度为3.6 mmol/L,硬度等于碱度,初始水样体积为300 mL,体积浓缩倍数为2时,普通溶液的膜通量随滤出液体积呈现单调递减趋势;但处理磁化溶液时,膜通量随滤出液的体积先下降后上升,然后才下降,且平均膜通量比普通溶液的高,表明磁化预处理可以改善纳滤膜的部分操作性能.对膜的扫描电镜分析表明,处理磁化溶液的纳滤膜膜面上生成的晶体相对较多.综合纳滤膜通量和膜面晶体生成量的观察,认为磁场的引入可使膜表面结晶速率增加,致使膜面溶质浓度降低,通量上升,同时因生成的晶体全部留在膜面上,运行一段时间后有效膜面积减少,又导致通量下降.晶体生成量较多的膜,通量却相对较高,这与平常对膜污染的认识相矛盾.通过对结晶过程的理论分析,认为一定程度的结晶对膜操作性能有改善作用.     

三氯乙醛对土壤-植物系统的污染研究

本研究进行了大量室内外试验和污染实例考察。首先研究了三氯乙醛在土壤环境中的消失和转化规律。发现三氯乙醛在土壤中经微生物作用能转化为三氯乙酸,后者在土壤中有1—3个月持留期,在土壤中三氯乙醛消失后(一般在几天内消失),三氯乙酸成为主要毒害物质。其次研究了三氯乙醛在植物体内的主要代谢产物及其对植物生长的影响。采用衍生物色谱法和气相色谱—质谱联用分析证明三氯乙酸是主要代谢产物。三氯乙酸能富集在植物体内并使之产生枯萎或生长畸形等症状。找出了三氯乙醛和三氯乙酸在植株体内的转化规律,解释了二者单独作用于植物时某些症状相似的原因。此外,还获得了有关三氯乙醛对小麦等作物的致害浓度资料和毒害症状的图谱照片。本工作首次阐明了三氯乙醛对土壤—植物体系的污染规律,为鉴别污染事故和防治提供了科学依据。     

门头沟区地表水水质现状评价及趋势分析

北京市城市总体规划将门头沟区确定为生态涵养发展区,加强生态建设成为实现这一定位的重要途径。因此,了解水质现状及发展趋势尤为重要。为此,以实测资料为基础,对门头沟区河流水质、水库水质以及河流底质现状进行分析,同时采用季节性肯达尔检验法进行水质变化趋势分析。结果表明:门头沟区河流现状水质较好,6个监测点中达到Ⅱ类地表水水质标准的有5个,Ⅱ类水体河长达105.5 km,占监测总河长的88.5%;而2004年对河流底质的评价结果表明:河流底质状况较好,5个监测断面有3个达到一级标准。用季节性肯达尔检验法对7个地表水水质监测点1993—2000年的监测资料的趋势分析表明,水体的总硬度和总氮出现上升趋势,溶解氧、总镉和挥发酚有下降趋势,其他评价项目变化趋势不明显。     

北京气象塔夏季大气O3,NOx和CO浓度变化的观测实验

以北京325m气象塔为观测平台,于2002年夏季进行了大气污染物臭氧(O₃)及其前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和气象要素加强期的同步观测.对观测资料做了详尽的分析,结果表明:边界层内存在明显的臭氧浓度(用体积分数表示)垂直差异;中午120m高度层存在O₃浓度最大值;低层O₃浓度呈明显的日变化,且昼夜振幅较大;夜间高层(280m)O₃的湍流混合和化学消耗较弱,可维持较高的浓度;局地光化学生成是白天边界层O₃的主要来源;降水天气过程可造成O₃及其前体物浓度的显著变化.     

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

Reactor characterization and primary application of a state of art dual-reactor chamber in the investigation of atmospheric photochemical processes

Increasing attention has been paid to the air pollution more recently. Smog chamber has been proved as a necessary and effective tool to study atmospheric processes, including photochemical smog and haze formation. A novel smog chamber was designed to study the atmospheric photochemical reaction mechanism of typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as the aging of aerosols. The smog chamber system includes an enclosure equipped with black lights as the light source, two parallel reactors (2 m³ of each) with separate control of light source and temperature, with a series of coupled instruments for online monitoring of gas phase and particle phase reactants and products. Chamber characterization, including air source stability, effective light intensity, temperature stability, as well as gas phase and particle phase wall losses, were carried out before further research. The results showed that our smog chamber systems developed by other domestic and international groups. It was also observed that the wall loss of aromatic VOCs varied with different functional groups as well as the isomerism. The results of preliminary simulation experiment from styrene-NO_x demonstrated that the chamber can be well utilized to simulate gas-particle conversion progresses in the atmosphere.     

A3钢在污染淡水体中腐蚀行为的初步研究

通过现场腐蚀挂片、室内模拟实验和电化学测量研究了A3钢在富营养化淡水环境中和洁净淡水环境中的腐蚀行为及影响因素。结果表明,在淡水环境中,水体的溶解氧量(DO)是决定A3钢腐蚀速度的重要影响因素,在富营养化的东湖水体中,因溶解氧量(DO)低,A3钢的腐蚀速度反而比洁净的梁子湖水体中要低,此外,富营养化水体中的磷的存在对A3钢起到缓蚀的作用。     

青藏高原表土重金属污染评价与来源解析

为了解青藏高原表层土壤重金属的污染特征、空间分布及污染来源,沿东北-西南方向对青藏高原表土(0～20 cm)样品进行了采集,对土壤中的Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc和Zn等13种重金属总量进行了分析,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归(PCA-APCS-MLR)受体模型初步定量解析了重金属的潜在来源.结果表明Cd和Sb均显著超标,分别是20世纪70年代青藏高原土壤背景值的2. 13与1. 52倍.富集因子(EF)、地累积指数(I_(geo))和Nemero综合指数(PN)分析同样表明青藏高原表土主要以Cd和Sb污染为主,但污染程度普遍不高.在空间分布方面,青藏高原中部、东南部及东北部均呈不同程度污染,但中部及东南部污染相对较重. PCA-APCS-MLR分析表明,青藏高原土壤重金属主要有3个来源,分别为自然、交通和采矿等综合因素. Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni和Sc主要受自然因素影响,Ba、Cd、Mo和Pb主要受交通因素影响,Zn主要受自然和交通因素共同影响,Sb主要受采矿、自然和交通等综合因素影响.青藏高原土壤重金属污染防治过程中应着重考虑受交通、采矿等综合因素影响下的Cd和Sb污染.     

Efficient purification of Al30 by organic complexation method

A method was developed for preparing high purity Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₄^18 + (Al₃₀) through elimination of impurities by complexation. Polyaluminum chloride II (PAC₃₀) with Al_c content of 75% was adopted as the source of Al₃₀. The PAC₃₀ was prepared under conditions of total aluminum concentration 0.1?mol/L and OH^?/Al ratio 2.2 to obtain the highest content of Al₃₀. A precipitation/metathesis method, organic solvent precipitation method and organic complexation method were examined to separate and purify Al₃₀. It was found that only by the organic complexation method could high purity Al₃₀ products be obtained in large yield economically. In the experiments, benzoic acid was used as the coordinating reagent to decompose the main impurity AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂^7 + (Al₁₃), and the Al₃₀ product could be obtained by precipitation and metathesis operations. It was noteworthy that the decomposition of impurities by benzoic acid could be completed in 2?hr. The Al₃₀ product was characterized by Ferron assay, ²⁷Al-NMR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The results showed that the purity of the Al₃₀ product could exceed 92%.     

长输油气管道的风险预评价与管理

针对我国长输油气管道的实际情况,提出了长输油气管道风险预评价方法.从腐蚀穿孔、第三方破坏、疲劳开裂、误操作、设计等方面综合分析失效可能性和后果严重性,评价出不同管段的风险程度,进行管道风险排序,以指导管材选用、工程施工、管道维修更换等安全管理决策.