Reactor characterization and primary application of a state of art dual-reactor chamber in the investigation of atmospheric photochemical processes

Increasing attention has been paid to the air pollution more recently. Smog chamber has been proved as a necessary and effective tool to study atmospheric processes, including photochemical smog and haze formation. A novel smog chamber was designed to study the atmospheric photochemical reaction mechanism of typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as the aging of aerosols. The smog chamber system includes an enclosure equipped with black lights as the light source, two parallel reactors (2 m³ of each) with separate control of light source and temperature, with a series of coupled instruments for online monitoring of gas phase and particle phase reactants and products. Chamber characterization, including air source stability, effective light intensity, temperature stability, as well as gas phase and particle phase wall losses, were carried out before further research. The results showed that our smog chamber systems developed by other domestic and international groups. It was also observed that the wall loss of aromatic VOCs varied with different functional groups as well as the isomerism. The results of preliminary simulation experiment from styrene-NO_x demonstrated that the chamber can be well utilized to simulate gas-particle conversion progresses in the atmosphere.     

Occurrence of odor problems in drinking water of major cities across China

A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Eighty percent of source water samples exhibited odor problems, characterized by earthy/musty （41%） and swampy/septic （36%） odors, while the occurrence rate was lower （45%） in the finished water. Source water from rivers exhibited more pollution-origin odors, such as the swampy/septic odor, while that from lakes and reservoirs exhibited more algae- origin odors, such as earthy/musty odors. The occurrence rate of 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） in the surface source water samples was 75%, with 7% of samples containing 2- MIB concentrations of over 10 ng.L-1. The earthy/musty odor in the lake/reservoir water samples was mainly caused by 2-MIB （linear regression coefficient, R2= 0.69）, while the correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the earthy/musty odor intensity samples was weak （R2= 0.35） in the river-source water These results will be useful for the management of odor-quality problems in drinking water of China.     

北京大气O3与NOx的变化特征

以2004年8月-2005年7月北京市区近地层大气中臭氧(O3)和氮氧化物(NOx)体积分数观测资料,研究了北京大气中O3和NOx体积分数的变化特征.研究表明:北京市O3体积分数较高,并呈季节性波动,大气光化学污染以夏季最为严重.受太阳紫外辐射和城市交通的影响,城市O3体积分数呈单峰型分布,并在午后15:00出现峰值,造成大气强氧化性.NO2的光解速率夏季最大,在正午出现日最大值.受城市车流量变化的影响,周末NOx体积分数高于工作日,O3体积分数周末与工作日白天差异较小,而夜晚O3体积分数上作日高于周末.     

Numerical simulation of benzene transport in shoreline groundwater affected by tides under different conditions

● An approach for assessing the transport of benzene on the beach was proposed. ● The behavior of benzene in the subsurface of the beach was impacted by tide. ● Tidal amplitude influenced the travel speed and the benzene biodegradation. ● Hydraulic conductivity had the impact on plume residence time and biodegradation. ● Plume dispersed and concentration decreased due to high longitudinal dispersivity. The release and transport of benzene in coastal aquifers were investigated in the present study. Numerical simulations were implemented using the SEAM3D, coupled with GMS, to study the behavior of benzene in the subsurface of tidally influenced beaches. The transport and fate of the benzene plume were simulated, considering advection, dispersion, sorption, biodegradation, and dissolution on the beach. Different tide amplitudes, aquifer characteristics, and pollutant release locations were studied. It was found that the tide amplitude, hydraulic conductivity, and longitudinal dispersivity were the primary factors affecting the fate and transport of benzene. The tidal amplitude influenced the transport speed and percentage of biodegradation of benzene plume in the beach. A high tidal range reduced the spreading area and enhanced the rate of benzene biodegradation. Hydraulic conductivity had an impact on plume residence time and the percentage of contaminant biodegradation. Lower hydraulic conductivity induced longer residence time in each beach portion and a higher percentage of biodegradation on the beach. The plume dispersed and the concentration decreased due to high longitudinal dispersivity. The results can be used to support future risk assessment and management for the shorelines impacted by spill and leaking accidents. Modeling the heterogeneous beach aquifer subjected to tides can also be further explored in the future study.     

Distribution,possible sources,and health risk assessment of SVOC pollution in small streams in Pearl River Delta,China

The pollution levels of typical semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) consisting of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 20 organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in small rivers running through the flourishing cities in Pearl River Delta region, China. The concentrations of ∑15PAHs were 2.0–48 ng/L and 29–1.2?×?10³ ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The ∑20OCPs were 6.6–57 ng/L and 9.3–6.0?×?10² ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The concentrations of ∑15PAEs were much higher both in the water and sediments. The partition process of the detected SVOCs between the water and sediment did not reach the equilibrium state at most of the sites when sampling. The combustion of petroleum products and coal was the major source of the detected PAHs. The OCPs were mainly historical residue, whereas the new inputs of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and endosulfan were possible at several sites. The industrial and domestic sewage were the major source for the PAEs; storm water runoff accelerated the input of PAEs. No chronic risk of the SVOCs was identified by a health risk assessment through daily water consumption, except for the ∑20OCPs that might cause cancer at several sites. Nevertheless, the integrated health risk of the SVOCs should not be neglected and need intensive investigations.     

典型区域农业土壤中多环芳烃相关性分析研究

对某大型钢铁集团周边农业土壤中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)各组分间及其与总量间的相关性、与有机氯农药(OCPs)的相关性进行统计分析.结果表明,除萘(Nap)外,其他14种组分间及其与总量间的相关性极显著;δ-六六六(δ-HCH)与除Nap和二苯并[a,h]蒽(Daa)外的大部分PAHs组分呈极显著相关关系;p,p'-滴滴滴(p,p'-DDD)与大多数PAHs组分相关性极显著.     

Efficient purification of Al30 by organic complexation method

A method was developed for preparing high purity Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₄^18 + (Al₃₀) through elimination of impurities by complexation. Polyaluminum chloride II (PAC₃₀) with Al_c content of 75% was adopted as the source of Al₃₀. The PAC₃₀ was prepared under conditions of total aluminum concentration 0.1?mol/L and OH^?/Al ratio 2.2 to obtain the highest content of Al₃₀. A precipitation/metathesis method, organic solvent precipitation method and organic complexation method were examined to separate and purify Al₃₀. It was found that only by the organic complexation method could high purity Al₃₀ products be obtained in large yield economically. In the experiments, benzoic acid was used as the coordinating reagent to decompose the main impurity AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂^7 + (Al₁₃), and the Al₃₀ product could be obtained by precipitation and metathesis operations. It was noteworthy that the decomposition of impurities by benzoic acid could be completed in 2?hr. The Al₃₀ product was characterized by Ferron assay, ²⁷Al-NMR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The results showed that the purity of the Al₃₀ product could exceed 92%.     

长输油气管道的风险预评价与管理

针对我国长输油气管道的实际情况,提出了长输油气管道风险预评价方法.从腐蚀穿孔、第三方破坏、疲劳开裂、误操作、设计等方面综合分析失效可能性和后果严重性,评价出不同管段的风险程度,进行管道风险排序,以指导管材选用、工程施工、管道维修更换等安全管理决策.     

汾河水质状况研究

通过对十年来汾河沿程21个断面的常规水质监测数据进行整理分析,筛选出5项主要污染指标,采用综合水质指数法分析汾河及上、中、下游各河段水质变化趋势,运用沿程水质变化和几个重要水质指标的比值变化分析汾河水质状况和污染特征,总结主要污染指标的变化趋势,结合汾河流域实际排污情况探讨水质污染和改善原因,并对进一步改善汾河水环境质量提出建议。     

畜粪蚯蚓处理后DOM变化及其与Cu(Ⅱ)的配合特性

研究了畜粪、木屑混合物经蚯蚓处理后水溶性有机物(DOM)分子量及荧光光谱变化.结果表明,经蚯蚓处理后畜粪、木屑混合物中DOM分子量呈整体降低趋势,分子量分布范围变宽,但其DOM分子量仍高于无蚯蚓处理;蚯蚓处理后混合物DOM中的富里酸含量及分子结构芳香化程度增加明显.进一步就蚯蚓处理前后DOM与Cu(Ⅱ)配合后的荧光光谱分析表明,蚯蚓处理后DOM更易与Cu(Ⅱ)产生配合反应并导致其直链变短或芳香基团的裂解;DOM中与Cu(Ⅱ)配合的基团主要包括—OH和—NH2等;且蚯蚓处理后DOM 中的富里酸类物质更易与Cu(Ⅱ)发生配合反应.