投加沸石粉活性污泥搅拌参数优化及其对离子交换速率的影响研究

在0.3 m×0.3 m×0.36 m方形搅拌槽中初步探讨了不同的搅拌器类型、安装高度以及曝气强度对投加了沸石粉的高浓度活性污泥悬浮状态的影响,并根据固液悬浮理论确定了最佳的搅拌参数.同时,进行了不同搅拌速率下沸石对污水中氨氮的离子交换动力学研究.结果表明在无曝气的情况下,选用三叶推进式搅拌器,搅拌器离底高度为1/3搅拌器直径时所需要的临界搅拌速率最低.曝气有助于反应池中污泥的悬浮,对于30 g/L的污泥,当曝气强度由10 m3/(m2·h)增大1倍时,临界搅拌速率降低了50%.搅拌速率为120 r/min时,沸石对污水中氨氮的离子交换速率受膜扩散过程控制,当其增大为180 r/min时,其控制步骤为粒内扩散,沸石粉活性污泥达到完全均匀悬浮的临界搅拌速率不足以满足传质的要求.需增大一定程度.     

汾渭平原临汾市2019年春节期间大气污染特征与来源解析

近年来汾渭平原冬季雾-霾事件频发,节假日期间尤为明显,除燃煤和工业排放外,区域的地形和气候特征也是导致雾-霾的主要因素.2019年2月春节期间对汾渭平原临汾站点的空气质量进行观测.运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对PM_2.5中的13种元素(Li、Be、Ti、Rb、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Zr、V、Tl、U和Sn)进行分析测定,并结合站点的气象数据,运用聚类分析和后向轨迹等方法,分析了污染物的时空分布与潜在源区贡献.结果表明,观测期间SO₂的平均浓度为58.39μg·m^-3,超过了国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012) 24 h一级平均质量浓度限值(50μg·m-3),O₃、NO₂和CO的均值浓度分别为52.15μg·m^-3、29.02μg·m^-3和2.29 mg·m^-3.聚类分析结果表明,La、Ce、Ti、V、Li、Be、Rb、Y、U、Sc和Zr主要受地壳土壤源影响.气态污染物的空间分析结果表明...     

Combined ultrasound with Fenton treatment for the degradation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in textile dying sludge

To develop an effective method to remove the toxic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CPAHs) from textile dyeing sludge, five CPAHs were selected to investigate the degradation efficiencies using ultrasound combined with Fenton process (US/Fenton). The results showed that the synergistic effect of the US/Fenton process on the degradation of CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge was significant with the synergy degree of 30.4. During the US/Fenton process, low ultrasonic density showed significant advantage in degrading the CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge. Key reaction parameters on CPAHs degradation were optimized by the central composite design as followed: H₂O₂ concentration of 152 mmol/L, ultrasonic density of 408 W/L, pH value of 3.7, the molar ratio of H₂O₂ to Fe²⁺ of 1.3 and reaction time of 43 min. Under the optimal conditions of the US/Fenton process, the degradation efficiencies of five CPAHs were obtained as 81.23% (benzo[a]pyrene) to 84.98% (benz[a]anthracene), and the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) concentrations of five CPAHs declined by 81.22–85.19%, which indicated the high potency of US/Fenton process for removing toxic CPAHs from textile dyeing sludge.     

Quantifying the burden of managing wildlife diseases in multiple host species

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.     

沸石对活性污泥增殖及脱氨氮动力学影响研究

考察沸石粉投加对活性污泥增殖及脱氨氮动力学的影响,并根据相关结论探讨了不同泥龄(SRT)条件下沸石粉的生物再生情况。结果表明,曝气池中投加沸石粉可明显提高活性污泥的产率系数和衰减系数。与传统活性污泥法相比,投加沸石粉的试验组稳定运行后,污泥产率系数和衰减系数分别提高12.5%和16.7%;当泥龄≤10 d时,出水氨氮去除率提高10%～37%,继续增加泥龄,氨氮去除率提高不明显。通过对比试验结果的关联性分析,认为在低浓度条件下,沸石中铵离子的解吸速率是沸石生物再生的限制步骤,而且再生速率与泥龄呈正相关对应关系。     

Elemental carbon in urban soils and road dusts in Xi'an,China and its implication for air pollution

Increasing evidence confirms that elemental carbon (EC) is not only a light-absorbing constituent that warms the atmosphere but also a significant environmental pollutant. Investigations were conducted to identify carbonaceous pollution signatures in road dusts and urban soils and to evaluate potential sources in Xi'an. Average concentrations of EC, char-EC, and soot-EC in soils were 0.90, 0.51, and 0.39 mg g^?1, respectively, a little higher than or comparable to prior studies on the Loess Plateau. Vertical profiles in soils revealed soot-EC concentrations from pre-industrialized samples close to ～0.20 mg g^?1, while EC and char-EC varied widely, with no distinct pattern. Enrichment factor analysis indicated that EC, char-EC, and soot-EC in road dusts were all elevated by an order of magnitude. The spatial distribution of total EC, char-EC, and soot-EC in road dusts revealed close correspondence with human activities such as coal combustion and vehicle emissions. The average char-EC/soot-EC ratio was 1.66 for road dusts, suggesting that the main sources of carbonaceous particles are local coal combustion and vehicle emissions. The study demonstrated that EC, char-EC, and soot-EC levels in road dusts are effective indicators of anthropogenic pollution.     

强化内电解预处理制药废水

为进一步提高铁炭内电解法处理制药废水的处理效率,采用添加不同强化剂的方法考察分析强化因子的影响效果.在C加入量10g/L,铁屑30g/L,反应时间150 min,pH值7.5的条件下,以不同的盐、金属铜、双氧水作强化剂分别加入反应体系中,检测COD去除效果.实验结果表明:当每升废水中分别加入氯化铜、硫酸锰、硝酸镍、金属...     

公路隧道火灾起因及预防研究

在总结分析近30年典型大中型公路隧道火灾案例基础上,给出了大中型隧道火灾主要起因统计,根据隧道火灾起因和故障树(FTA)分析原理,建立了隧道火灾起因故障树,通过计算故障树各基本事件发生的概率,计算出各基本事件关键重要度并进行排序,找出了导致隧道火灾的常见高频原因,并提出了防范隧道火灾的措施.     

长大隧道消防安全评估的新思路

基于系统安全分析方法并结合数理统计理论,建立了隧道消防安全系统原理图及评估指标体系,构造了一种基于统计基础上的综合评估函数,提出了公路隧道消防安全等级评估的新思路.以雪峰山隧道的实例计算表明,该评估模型具有简便性、可操作性和准确性,能全面地反映隧道消防安全系统状况,以便及时发现隐患,减少火灾的潜在危险.     

新型微生物菌剂在生活污水处理中的应用研究

对利用新的微生物源抗菌除臭剂去除生活污水中的COD、NH4 -N、TP及臭气的效果进行了评价.结果表明:(1)在好氧的条件下,当V菌液/V污水的比值为5/10 000～1/1 000时,COD的去除率提高幅度较大,为10%左右;当V菌液/V污水的比值为5/1 000时,对污水中NH4 -N的去除效果最好,增幅达37.62%;只有V菌液/V污水达到5/1 000以上时,对除磷才有较显著的促进作用,增幅约7%.(2)对污水除臭有很好的效果,不同嗅阈值的污水应选择适宜浓度的菌液.