Reclaiming the spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 materials

A process for reclaiming the materials in spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials is presented. After dismantling battery cans, the iron cans, covers, electric rods, organic separator, label, sealing materials, and electrolyte are separated through the washing, magnetic separation, filtrating, and sieving operations. Then, the powder residues react with H₂SO₄ (2 mol L^?1) solution to dissolve zinc under a liquid/solid ratio of 3:1 at room temperature, and subsequently, the electrolytic Zn with purity of ?99.8% is recovered in an electrolytic cell with a cathode efficiency of ?85% under the conditions of 37–40 °C and 300 A m^?2. The most of MnO₂ and a small quantity of electrolytic MnO₂ are recovered from the filtration residue and the electrodeposit on the anode of electrolytic cell, respectively. The recovered manganese oxides are used to synthesize LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material of lithium-ion battery. The as-synthesized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ discharges 118.3 mAh g^?1 capacity and 4.7 V voltage plateau, which is comparable to the sample synthesized using commercial electrolytic MnO₂. This process can recover the substances in the spent Zn–Mn batteries and innocuously treat the wastewaters, indicating that it is environmentally acceptable and applicable.     

气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区植被恢复的影响

草原区作为影响我国陆地生态系统碳水循环和生态安全的重点区域,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.然而,有关气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被恢复相对贡献的认识尚存分歧.以生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)为评价指标,通过对比MODIS观测的实际NPP和基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算的潜在NPP的趋势差异,量化了2000～2020年气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区(北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区)植被恢复的相对作用.结果表明,研究区内93%的草地植被呈恢复趋势,NPP平均增加速率达(以C计)2.12 g·(m²·a)^-1(P<0.01),其中,近一半植被恢复区受气候变化和人为活动共同控制,约36%和10%植被恢复区分别受气候变化和人类活动的独立控制;此外,不同草地类型气候变化主导植被恢复的面积占比差异大,主要表现为高寒草地明显高于温性草地,气候条件越干旱,气候主导面积占比越大.人类活动不是北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区植被恢复的主要原因,但在气候条件恶化地区,人类活动可降低甚至抵消气候变化对植被的负面影响.未来需加强长...     

三峡水库消落区自然植被群落分布特征

为了调查清楚三峡水库消落区自然植被群落的分布特征,在三峡水库消落区设置了 251个样地进行调查研究.结果表明,在土质边坡、岩质边坡和混合质边坡中,狗牙根群落占绝对优势;在145～155 m、155～165 m、165～175 m高程区间,狗牙根群落均有分布且数量较多,其次为苍耳群落和狗尾草群落,且随着高程的增加植物种类...     

基于iLME+Geoi-RF模型的四川省PM2.5浓度估算

高分辨率PM2.5空间分布数据对动态监测和控制PM2.5污染具有重要意义.选取Himawari-8气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、ERA5气象再分析资料、DEM、土地利用数据、夜光遥感数据、增强型植被指数和人口数据等作为估算变量,使用改进的重采样法进行数据匹配,并提出改进的线性混合模型(iLME)结合地理智能随机森林(Geoi-RF)构建组合模型估算PM2.5浓度.结果表明:①在选取的估算变量中,气溶胶光学厚度、气压、温度、相对湿度和边界层高度是影响2016年四川省PM2.5浓度的重要因素,其相关系数分别为0.65、0.58、0.55、0.54和0.35.②iLME+Geoi-RF模型精度相较其他模型有较大提升,模型拟合Rl2、RMSR 和 MAE 分别为0.98、3.25 μg·m-3和 1.98 μg·m-3,交叉验证 R2、RMSR 和 MAE 分别为0.89、7.95 μg·m-3和4.81μg·m-3.该模型可获取更高精度的四川省PM2.5时空分布特征,为区域空气质量评估、人体暴露风险评价和环境污染治理提供更加合理地科学参考.③2016年四川省PM2.5浓度存在显著的季节性差异,各季节PM2.5浓度大小关系为:冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季.2016年四川省月均PM2.5浓度总体上呈先降后升的"V"型趋势,最小值在6月,最大值在12月,8月和11月有微小起伏.在空间分布上四川省PM2.5浓度总体上呈东高西低和局部污染程度较高的特点,高值区主要分布在城市快速发展和人口密集的东部地区,低值区主要分布在经济发展落后和人口稀疏的西部地区.④虽然不同模型估算出的PM2.5浓度整体分布基本一致,但iLME+Geoi-RF模型能更准确有效地估算本研究区污染的空间分布.     

城乡结合部生态文明建设存在的问题、原因及对策研究

随着城镇化进程的加快,城乡结合部已经成为城市扩展和蔓延的前沿地带。城乡结合部生态文明建设面临的资源配置不合理、管理缺位而导致的“脏乱差挤”、生态系统脆弱、法律法规不健全、居民生态文明意识淡薄等问题El益突出,从居民生态意识、管理体制、基础设施、经济增长与环境保护的关系、法制管理等方面分析了存在这些问题的原因,从而提出树立生态文明意识、加大投入,强化基础设施建设、发展循环经济,走可持续发展道路、完善管理体制,明确职责范围、加强生态文明法制建设,提高生态文明监管能力等对策建议。     

潮汕地区3市夏季地面臭氧浓度变化特征研究

通过对广东省潮汕地区汕头市、揭阳市和潮州市3个代表性监测点夏季地面O₃浓度的监测与评价,获得了该地区的O₃污染状况,并分析了O₃浓度与NO_x、气温、相对湿度的相关性,对该地区O₃浓度变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,该地区受O₃污染程度较轻,3个城市中汕头市的受污染程度最轻,其次是潮州市,污染程度相对略重的是揭阳市。O₃与NO_x浓度和空气湿度变化呈负相关,与气温变化呈正相关。高温、低湿的气象条件更利于O₃的产生和累积。     

接种比例对酒糟与餐厨垃圾混合厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

采用酒糟与餐厨垃圾作为混合发酵物料,并接种消化污泥进行厌氧干式发酵,比较接种比例(inoculum to substrate ratios,ISRs)(VS质量比)分别为0.5、0.8、1.0、2.0时的甲烷产率和产量、体系VFA、碱度、游离氨等指标。结果表明:接种比例的提高可有效提高甲烷产生速率,缩短发酵周期,减弱较高浓度VFA引起的抑制作用。当ISRs=1.0时产甲烷效果较好,累计产甲烷率为222.58mL/g,VS去除率达83.4%,继续增加接种比例对发酵效果影响不显著。此外,试验中适宜的VFA/碱度值为0.3～1.2,过大或过小都有可能抑制产甲烷过程。     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

“预处理+水解酸化+活性污泥法”处理再生纸废水

介绍水解酸化+活性污泥法处理再生纸废水系统的设计及运行;运行结果表明:该工艺处理该类废水完全可行,运行效果稳定,出水完全达广东省地方标准DB 44/26—2001《水污染物排放限值》。