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391.
Laurent De Windt David Dabo Sofia LidelöwRabia Badreddine Anders Lagerkvist 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(2):267-280
The recycling of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as aggregates for road basement requires assessing the long-term evolution of leachate chemistry. The Dåva (Sweden) and Hérouville (France) pilot-scale roads were monitored during 6 and 10 years, respectively. Calculated saturation indices were combined to batch test modeling to set a simplified geochemical model of the bottom ash materials. A common reactive transport model was then applied to both sites. At Hérouville, pH and the concentration of most elements quickly drop during the first two years to reach a set of minimum values over 10 years. The decrease is less pronounced at Dåva. The evolutions of pH and major element concentrations are fairly well related to the following pH-buffering sequence: portlandite, C-S-H phases or pseudo-wollastonite and, finally, calcite in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. Al(OH)3, barite, ettringite and monohydrocalcite may also control leachate chemistry. Cu release is correctly modeled by DOM complexation and tenorite equilibrium. Temperature has no significant effect on the modeling of leachate chemistry in the range 5-30 °C, except at high pH. Effects at road edges and roadside slopes are important for the release of the less reactive elements and, possibly, for carbonation processes. 相似文献
392.
Per StÅlnacke Anders Grimvall Karin Sundblad Andrzej Tonderski 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,58(2):173-200
This article presents the results of the first critical examination of time series of riverine nutrient-load data for the entire Baltic Sea drainage area. Water quality data collected by or for the different national environmental agencies were compiled and analysed statistically to identify and remove inconsistent or obviously incorrect observations. Moreover, sampling tours were undertaken to acquire additional information about the present nutrient concentrations in the largest rivers in the study area. Gaps in the time series of approved data were then filled in by employing statistical interpolation and extrapolation methods. Thereafter, the concentration and runoff data were combined to obtain estimates of monthly nutrient loads for the time period 1970–93. The results of the calculations showed that although there had been substantial changes in land use, atmospheric deposition and wastewater treatment in many parts of the study area, the total riverine loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the Baltic Sea have been fairly constant since 1980, and most likely also since 1970. Moreover, the interannual variation was clearly correlated to the runoff. The mean annual loads for the time period 1980–93 were found to be about 825 000 tonnes N and 41 000 tonnes P, respectively. This implies that (i) several other investigators have strongly underestimated the riverine loads of nutrients, especially the nitrogen, and that (ii) the riverine loads by far exceed the input to the Baltic Sea from other sources, {i.e.} atmospheric deposition, direct emissions from cities and industries along the Baltic Sea coast and nitrogen fixation by marine algae. 相似文献
393.
Mats Gustafsson Göran Blomqvist Anders Gudmundsson Andreas Dahl Per Jonsson Erik Swietlicki 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(31):4699-4702
Accelerated pavement wear is one of the major environmental disadvantages of studded tyres in northern regions and results in increased levels of PM10. Measurements of PM10 in a road simulator hall have been used to study the influence of pavement properties, tyre type and vehicle speed on pavement wear. The test set-up included three different pavements (one granite and two quartzite with different aggregate sizes), three different tyre types (studded, non-studded, and summer tyres) and different speeds (30–70 km h?1). The results show that the granite pavement was more prone to PM10 production compared to the quartzite pavements. Studded winter tyres yield tens of times higher PM10 concentrations compared to non-studded winter tyres. Wear from summer tyres was negligible in comparison. It was also shown that wear is strongly dependent on speed; every 10 km h?1 increase yielded an increase of the PM10 concentration of 680 μg m?3 in one of the simulator experiments. 相似文献
394.
Ecological risk of chemicals is measured by the quotient of predicted no-effect concentrations and predicted exposure concentrations, which are hard to assess for manufactured nanomaterials (NMs). This paper proposes modifications to currently used models, in order to make them suitable for estimating exposure concentrations of NMs in the aquatic environment. We have evaluated the adequacy of the current guidance documents for use with NMs and conclude that nano-specific fate processes, such as sedimentation and dissolution need to be incorporated. We have reviewed the literature on sedimentation and dissolution of NMs in environmentally relevant systems. We deduce that the overall kinetics of water-sediment transport of NMs should be close to first order. The lack of data on dissolution of NMs under environmentally realistic conditions calls for a pragmatic decision on which rates to be used in modeling. We find that first order removal kinetics for dissolution seems adequate. Based on limited data from literature, probable removal rates range from 0 to 10(-4)s(-1) for sedimentation, and from 0 to 10(-5)s(-1) for dissolution. Further experimental data at environmentally relevant conditions for sedimentation and dissolution of NMs is needed. 相似文献
395.
Improved benthic conditions compared to the 1990s were found during benthic investigations, including sediment and benthic
macrofauna in the inner Stockholm archipelago during 2008. In the 1990s, these areas were dominated by black and laminated
surface sediments and very sparse fauna. A clear relationship was found when comparing sediment status with the benthic macrofauna.
Reduced surface sediment and impoverished macroinvertebrate community was only found at one sampling station representing
an enclosed part of the inner archipelago, whereas the other seven stations, with depths ranging from 20 to 50 m, had oxidized
surface sediments and considerable biomasses of benthic macrofauna (6–65 g m−2) dominated by the invading polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta. An extrapolation of the results shows that, within the investigated area, the coverage of reduced surface sediments had decreased
from approximately 17% in the late 1990s to 4% in 2008. 相似文献
396.
Svend Tollak Munkejord Jana P. Jakobsen Anders Austegard Mona J. Mølnvik 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(4):589-596
A method for calculating the transport and depressurization of a two-phase multi-component CO2 mixture is presented. The thermodynamical and transport properties for a CO2–CH4 mixture are calculated using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state (SRK). The fluid flow is described by a drift-flux model, which is solved using the multi-stage (MUSTA) centred scheme. Numerical results are shown, illustrating the effect of mixture composition and the feasibility of the approach. 相似文献
397.
Karin Löfstrand Anna Malmvärn Peter Haglund Anders Bignert Åke Bergman Lillemor Asplund 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(8):1460-1468
Introduction
Naturally occurring hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), their methoxylated counterparts (MeO-PBDEs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), together with their potential precursors polybrominated phenols (PBPs) and polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), were analyzed in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) gathered along the east coast (bordering the Baltic Sea) and west coast of Sweden (bordering the North Sea). Brown algae (Dictyosiphon foenicolaceus) and cyanobacteria (Nodularia spumigena) from the Baltic Sea, considered to be among the primary producers of these compounds, were also analyzed for comparison. 相似文献398.
Magnus Rydén Erik Cleverstam Anders Lyngfelt Tobias Mattisson 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(6):693-703
Fe2O3-containing waste materials from the steel industry are proposed as oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion. Three such materials, red iron oxide, brown iron oxide and iron oxide scales, have been examined by oxidation and reduction experiments in a batch fluidized-bed reactor at temperatures between 800 and 950 °C. NiO-based particles have been used as additive, in order to examine if it is possible to utilize the catalytic properties of metallic Ni to facilitate decomposition of hydrocarbons into more reactive combustion intermediates such as CO and H2. The experiments indicated modest reactivity between the waste materials and CH4, which was used as reducing gas. Adding small amounts of NiO-based particles to the sample increased the yield of CO2 in a standard experiment, typically by a factor of 1.5–3.5. The fraction of unconverted fuel typically was reduced by 70–90%. The conversion of CH4 to CO2 was 94% at best, corresponding to a combustion efficiency of 96%. This was achieved using a bed mass corresponding to 57 kg oxygen carrier per MW fuel, of which only 5 wt% was NiO-based synthetic particles. The different materials fared differently well during the experiments. Red iron oxide was fairly stable, while brown iron oxide was soft and subject to considerable erosion. Iron oxide scales experienced increased reactivity and porosity as function of the numbers of reduction cycles. 相似文献
399.
Ore S Todorovic J Ecke H Grennberg K Lidelöw S Lagerkvist A 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2007,27(11):1626-1637
A test road constructed with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was monitored over a period of 36 months. Using chemical and toxicological characterisation, the environmental impact of leachates from bottom ash was evaluated and compared with leachates from gravel used as reference. Initial leaching of Cl, Cu, K, Na, NH4-N and TOC from bottom ash was of major concern. However, the quality of the bottom ash leachate approached that of the gravel leachate with time. Leachates from the two materials were compared regarding the concentration of pollutants using multivariate data analyses (MVDA). A standardized luminescent bacteria assay using Vibrio fischeri did not show any toxicity, most likely because saline contamination can mask the toxic response and stimulate luminescence in these marine bacteria. A mung bean assay using Phaseolus aureus revealed that the toxicity of bottom ash leachate collected at the very beginning of the experimental period (October 2001 and May 2002) might be attributed to the following components and their respective concentrations in mg l(-1): Al (34.2-39.2), Cl (2914-16,446), Cu (0.48-1.92), K (197-847), Na (766-4180), NH4-N (1.80-8.47), total-N (12.0-18.5), and TOC (34.0-99.0). The P. aureus assay was judged as a promising environmental tool in assessing the toxicity of bottom ash leachate. 相似文献
400.
Evaluation of the critical factors controlling stability of chromium, copper, arsenic and zinc in iron-treated soil 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Various environmental factors are expected to affect the mobility of elements in chemically stabilized soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pH, oxidizing-reducing potential (Eh), liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), presence of organic matter (OM) and microbial activity (MA) on the mobility of chromium, copper, arsenic and zinc in zerovalent iron (Fe(0))-stabilized soil. A 2(5) full factorial design was applied to assess the leaching of the elements from the treated soil. The factor having the most impact on the mobility of Cr, Cu and Zn was pH; low pH (3) led to the release of these elements. Arsenic remobilization was controlled by L/S and MA, whilst Eh, though also significant, had less influence. In the identified worst-case scenarios, more than half of the total Zn and Cu and 14% of As can be expected to remobilize from the treated soil. The leaching procedure concerning sample agitation and type of filtration showed to substantially affect the results of As leaching, especially in OM rich soil. 相似文献