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排序方式: 共有423条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
41.
Holger Ecke Nourreddine Menad Anders Lagerkvist 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2002,4(2):117-126
Dry scrubber residue from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) was characterized to identify critical inorganic pollutants
and to suggest a conceptual treatment method. The key methods used were thermal analysis, including thermogravimetry (TG)
and differential thermal analysis (DTA), pHstat titration, qualitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical equilibrium calculations, and
statistics such as error propagation, principal component analysis (PCA), and empirical modeling based on factorial designs.
Based on EU directives, the major inorganic pollutants Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn were found. In addition, the pH was too high. With
dry scrubber residue stabilization in mind, the impact of carbonation and hydration was assessed and judged to be encouraging.
In particular, chemical equilibrium calculations showed that carbonation has considerable potential to lower the pH and the
availability of Pb, Zn, and Cr. The impact of carbonation on the mobility of Cd was found to be small. During carbonation,
a metal-trapping calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C–A–S–H) phase is also formed. Both processes together have the potential
to lead to a robust, reliable, and reasonable stabilization method for dry scrubber residue. However, to control these processes,
the decisive factors need to be identified and their effects need to be quantified. Ca, Cl, Na, and K might be abundant components
which would be mobile even after stabilization.
Received: September 11, 2001 / Accepted: December 6, 2001 相似文献
42.
ESP (Electronic Stability Program) has recently been introduced onto the market in an effort to reduce the number and severity of loss-of-control automobile accidents. This reduction is expected to be particularly evident for accidents on roads with low friction (e.g., wet or icy conditions). This study aimed to evaluate the statistical effectiveness of ESP using data from accidents that occurred in Sweden during 2000 to 2002. To control for exposure, induced exposure methods were used, where ESP-sensitive to ESP-insensitive accidents and road conditions were matched in relation to cars equipped with and without ESP. Cars of similar, or in some cases identical, make and model were used to isolate the role of ESP. As predicted, the study showed a positive effect of ESP in circumstances where road surfaces have low friction. The overall effectiveness was 22.1 (+/-21) percent, while for accidents on wet roads, the effectiveness increased to 31.5 (+/-23.4) percent. On roads covered with ice and snow, the corresponding effectiveness was 38.2 (+/-26.1) percent. In addition, ESP was found to be effective for three different types of cars: small front-wheel drive; large front-wheel drive; and large rear-wheel drive. 相似文献
43.
Many birds and mammals store energy as hoarded food supplies. A supply of stored food is beneficial during periods when food is scarce, but building up and managing such a supply also entails costs. The optimal number of caches will be reached when the net benefit is at its maximum. If dominants can steal more stored food from subordinates than the other way around, the optimum will differ between these categories. A previous theoretical model of hoarding in groups with dominant and subordinate members produced three testable predictions: (1) hoarders should store more food as anticipated future conditions get worse; (2) subordinate flock members should store more food than dominants; and (3) dominants should increase hoarding relatively more than subordinates as conditions get worse. Here we present a field experiment on willow tits (Parus montanus) designed to test these predictions. We found support for all three. Hoarding increased as conditions got worse, subordinates stored at a higher rate than dominants, and dominants increased their hoarding effort relatively more than subordinates as conditions worsened. These results support the incorporation of information on dominance and food availability into models predicting food storage behaviour.Communciated by J. Dickinson 相似文献
44.
Bone mineral density (mg cm(-3)) was studied in male Baltic grey seals (4-23 years of age) by noninvasive computed tomography (pQCT). The material was grouped according to year of collection. Group A: 1850-1955, a period before the main introduction of organochlorines (OCs); Group B: 1965-1985, a period with very high OC contamination; and Group C: 1986-1997, a period with decreasing concentrations of OCs. The reproducibility of the measurements was good with a Coefficient of Variation (CV) ranging from 0.1% to 2.1%. Trabecular bone mineral density of the radius was significantly higher in specimens collected 1986-1997 than in those collected 1965-1985 (p < 0.05). Cortical bone mineral density of the mandible was significantly lower in specimens collected 1986-1997 compared with those collected 1850-1955 (p < 0.05). These results indicate different responses over time in trabecular and cortical bone. During the period of very high OC contamination (1965-1985), trabecular bone density was lowest, whereas cortical bone density was lowest in specimens collected 1985-1997, representing a period of fairly low OC contamination. The mechanisms behind these effects are not known. However, it can be assumed that OCs are involved. Information about residue levels of OCs in the studied individuals is lacking and, therefore, it was not possible to evaluate the impact of OCs in this respect. 相似文献
45.
Anders Hammer Strmman 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2009,17(17):1607-1609
This paper is a response to a comment made by Lenzen [1] regarding a paper by Strømman et al. [2]. In this article I comment upon the proposals made by Lenzen. Through this, insights into challenges associated with path based methods in LCA are provided. In particular the application of these to correct for double counting in tiered hybrid LCA. A brief revisit of the rationale for the original work is provided. Key aspects of the methodology are discussed with outset in the comments in [1]. Finally, an assessment of the various approaches, including an option for further improvement is provided. 相似文献
46.
Carlos Navarro Florentino de Lope Anders Pape Møller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1161-1168
Homeobox genes regulate development of digits, and it has been suggested that the ratio of length of second to length of fourth
digit reflects such genetic effects in a sex-specific manner. We show that digit ratios in the sexually dichromatic house
sparrow Passer domesticus differ between sexes, with males having higher ratios than females, and that individuals produce consistent ratios on the
two feet. If Homeobox or other genes had pleiotropic effects on development of digits, behavior, and physiology of males and
females, we would expect secondary sexual characters and immunity to be related to digit ratio in a sex-specific manner. The
size of the visible part of the black badge in February (a secondary sexual character), but not total badge size, was positively
correlated with digit ratios, suggesting that males with more male-like digit ratios had larger visible badges. Because of
sex-specific effects of development on secondary sexual characters and immunity, we predicted sex-specific differences in
immune response to be related to digit ratio. House sparrows with large digit ratios had weaker T cell-mediated immune response
than individuals with small digit ratios, particularly in females, implying that females with more male-like digit ratios
had weak immune responses. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early development, as reflected by digit
ratios, and genetics affect the expression of adult characters that are supposedly strongly contributing to fitness. 相似文献
47.
Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen Elizabeth S. Barron Lynne Boddy Anders Dahlberg Gareth W. Griffith Jenni Nordén Otso Ovaskainen Claudia Perini Beatrice Senn‐Irlet Panu Halme 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):61-68
Hitherto fungi have rarely been considered in conservation biology, but this is changing as the field moves from addressing single species issues to an integrative ecosystem‐based approach. The current emphasis on biodiversity as a provider of ecosystem services throws the spotlight on the vast diversity of fungi, their crucial roles in terrestrial ecosystems, and the benefits of considering fungi in concert with animals and plants. We reviewed the role of fungi in ecosystems and composed an overview of the current state of conservation of fungi. There are 5 areas in which fungi can be readily integrated into conservation: as providers of habitats and processes important for other organisms; as indicators of desired or undesired trends in ecosystem functioning; as indicators of habitats of conservation value; as providers of powerful links between human societies and the natural world because of their value as food, medicine, and biotechnological tools; and as sources of novel tools and approaches for conservation of megadiverse organism groups. We hope conservation professionals will value the potential of fungi, engage mycologists in their work, and appreciate the crucial role of fungi in nature. Una Perspectiva Micótica de la Biología de la Conservación 相似文献
48.
Stakeholders on Meat Production, Meat Consumption and Mitigation of Climate Change: Sweden as a Case
Henrik Lerner Bo Algers Stefan Gunnarsson Anders Nordgren 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2013,26(3):663-678
In this paper we analyse and discuss the views of Swedish stakeholders on how to mitigate climate change to the extent it is caused by meat production. The stakeholders include meat producer organisations, governmental agencies with direct influence on meat production, political parties as well as non-governmental organisations. Representatives of twelve organisations were interviewed. Several organisations argued against the mitigation option of reducing beef production despite the higher greenhouse gas intensity of beef compared to pork and chicken meat (according to life cycle analysis). Regarding feed production some organisations proposed use of the best available industrial fertilizers, others were against all use of such fertilizers. Several organizations suggested domestic production of more protein-rich fodder and use of manure for biogas production. Regarding meat consumption the focus was on throwing away less food as waste and on eating less meat but the best (most climate friendly) meat, which was considered to be Swedish meat in contrast to imported meat. There was agreement on many issues. Most disagreement was found regarding political steering. We find many of the stakeholders’ mitigation proposals regarding meat production and consumption acceptable. However, we are to some extent critical to their defence of Swedish beef production. We also point out certain problems with the suggestion to reduce consumption of imported meat but not of domestically produced meat. 相似文献
49.
A model is presented for evaluating waste management systems for their contribution to a sustainable development, including environmental, economic and social aspects. The model was tested in a case-study, where groups of long-term unemployed people were offered both education on environmental issues and practical work with the recovery and recycling of building and demolition waste as a form of vocational development. Application of the suggested model revealed the overall effects on sustainability of different methods of waste management. In addition, negative aspects of the systems analysed were identified, which led to discussions about possible improved practices within the waste management systems. Two of the waste management systems investigated (the recycling of steel and re-use of sanitary porcelain) showed a potential contribution to sustainable development in all of the aspects studied. Preparing bricks for re-use showed the largest potential for eco-efficiency, but had negative effects on sustainability from the social perspective of health and the working environment. The possibility of further use of the model and the remaining obstacles to such analyses are discussed. One observation is that the data collection needed to perform this kind of sustainability analysis is resource-demanding, and that it would therefore be better to identify a smaller number of key indicators. 相似文献
50.
Michael M. Reddy Kotra V. Krishnamurty Eugene Shpirt G. Anders Carlson Leo Hetling 《Environment international》1982,7(5):315-323
Total and particulate metal concentrations, measured during intensive synoptic studies of the Genesee River, NY, correlated with suspended-sediment concentration and river discharge. Dissolved metal concentrations, on the other hand, showed little systematic variation over the length of the river. Metal and sediment fluxes for two elevated-discharged periods peaked at a midbasin sampling site. For most metals at most sampling sties particulate materials comprised over one-half of the total material. Comparison of particulate material metal concentrations, normalized to the measured suspended-sediment concentrations had with basinwide average values shows that sites having low suspended-sediment concentrations had high particulate material metal contents relative to the basin averages, while sites with high suspended-sediment concentration had low metal contents. These results are consistent with a metal transport mechanism in the Genesee River involving (1) a nearly constant dissolved component, (2) a fine acid-soluble component, and (3) a coarse component that is effectively a neutral diluent in the sediment. Chemical factors, such as sediment organic content, also appear to affect metal transport in the Genesee River. 相似文献