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141.
Life-history theory predicts that individuals should increase their reproductive effort when the fitness return from reproduction is high. Females mated with high-quality males are therefore expected to have higher investment than females mated with low-quality males, which could bias estimates of paternal effects. Investigating the traits females use in their allocation decisions and the aspects of reproduction that are altered is essential for understanding how sexual selection is affected. We studied the potential for differential female allocation in a captive population of a precocial bird, the Chinese quail, Coturnix chinensis. Females paired with males with large sexual ornaments laid larger, but not more, eggs than females paired with males with small sexual ornaments. Furthermore, female egg mass was also significantly positively affected by male testis size, probably via some unknown effect of testis size on male phenotype. Testis size and ornament size were not correlated. Thus, both primary and secondary male sexual traits could be important components of female allocation decisions. Experimental manipulation of hormone levels during embryonic development showed that both male and female traits influencing female egg size were sensitive to early hormone exposure. Differences in prenatal hormone exposure as a result of maternal steroid allocation to eggs may explain some of the variation in reproductive success among individuals, with important implications for non-genetic transgenerational effects in sexual selection.Communicated by C. Brown 相似文献
142.
143.
Inter-annual variability of surface ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over Europe has been studied over the period 1958–2003 using a three-dimensional Chemistry-Transport Model coupled to meteorological
data from the ERA40 data set produced at the European Centre of Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Emissions and boundary
conditions were kept at present levels throughout the simulation period. It was found that the annual mean NO2 concentration varies between ±50% and the summer mean O3 concentration varies between −10 and +20 percent (%) compared to the 46-year average over the model domain. There is also
variation in ozone and NO2 over longer time scales. The last 22 years display high concentrations of ozone in central and south-western Europe and low
concentrations in north-eastern Europe. The first 22 years display very high concentrations of NO2 over the North Sea. There is indication of trends in ozone and nitrogen dioxide but this has to be investigated further.
Such information is one factor that should be taken into account when considering future control strategies. 相似文献
144.
A scenario-based experiment was employed to test seven hypotheses concerning several causes and consequences of cynicism in the workplace. The results of a 2×2×2 MANOVA revealed that high levels of executive compensation, poor organizational performance, and harsh, immediate layoffs generate cynicism in white-collar workers. Furthermore, regression analyses showed that cynicism relates negatively to intentions to perform organizational citizenship behaviors and intentions to comply with requests to engage in unethical behaviors. The study provides a first experimental investigation of an important employee attitude and indicates directions for further research. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
145.
Vera L. G. Blank Lucie Laflamme Finn Diderichsen Ragnar Andersson 《Journal of Safety Research》1998,29(4):263-273
This study is concerned with the longitudinal representation of injury risk obtained using alternative injury-rate denominators—hours worked and production volume. It investigates injury risks at the underground extraction phase in a Swedish iron-ore mine. Six stages of mining development are defined, and three risk measures are employed: average injury rates (AIRs) by stage, injury rate ratios (IRRs) by stage, and annual injury rates (AnIRs). The two denominators give a quite different representation of injury risk at the early stages of the development of the mine, but tend increasingly to provide a similar picture (similar ratios) at later stages. It is concluded that automated production processes, as opposed to mechanized ones, tend to make hours worked and production volume interchangeable denominators. Choice of appropriate denominator may depend upon whether the individual or the production process is in focus. 相似文献
146.
This paper systematically reviews the literature on how to reduce nutrient emissions to the Baltic Sea cost-effectively and considerations for allocating these costs fairly among countries. The literature shows conclusively that the reduction targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) could be achieved at considerably lower cost, if countries would cooperate to implement the least costly abatement plan. Focusing on phosphorus abatement could be prudent as the often recommended measures—wastewater treatment and wetlands—abate nitrogen too. An implication of our review is that the potential for restoring the Baltic Sea to good health is undermined by an abatement strategy that is more costly than necessary and likely to be perceived as unfair by several countries. Neither the BSAP nor the cost-effective solution meet the surveyed criteria for fairness, implying a need for side-payments.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01580-4. 相似文献
147.
Atmospheric mercury at mediterranean coastal stations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ingvar Wängberg John Munthe David Amouroux Maria E. Andersson Vesna Fajon Romano Ferrara Katarina Gårdfeldt Milena Horvat Yaacov Mamane Ety Melamed Mathilde Monperrus Nives Ogrinc Osnat Yossef Nicola Pirrone Jonas Sommar Francesca Sprovieri 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(2):101-116
Mercury in air has been measured at five coastal Mediterranean sites, involving measurements in Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia and
Israel. Four two-weeks long measurements campaigns were performed at the five sites. The measurements were carried out during
autumn 2003 and winter, spring and summer 2004. Total gaseous mercury/elemental gaseous mercury, particulate mercury and divalent
gaseous mercury were measured in parallel at the five sites. The activities constituted a subtask of the EU funded MERCYMS
research project, which also included Mediterranean Sea cruises where both mercury in air and water were measured. The result
from an evaluation of all the coastal air data is presented. Mercury concentrations from the different sites are compared
with similar data obtained in northern Europe and elsewhere. The result shows that the background concentration of mercury
in Mediterranean coastal air is lower than earlier anticipated. Background concentrations of TGM, RGM and TPM corresponded
to 1.75–1.80 ng m−3, 1–13 and 3–23 pg m−3, respectively. The measurements also showed that the mercury concentration occasionally can be very high in some areas due
to local anthropogenic emissions. It is proposed that diurnal variation in RGM concentrations observed during situation with
nocturnal inversion merely is an effect of meteorology rather than due to local photochemistry. 相似文献
148.
Due to the high-temperature boiler corrosion induced by chloride-rich fly ash deposits, steam generation in today’s Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants is typically designed only for 40 bar/400 °C as an economic compromise between acceptable corrosion rate and maximum power generation. The high-corrosive metal chlorides in the fly ash can react with SO2 forming low-corrosive sulfates. The sulfation efficiency is enhanced by high SO2 levels and sufficient residence time of the flue gas at high-temperatures (700–900 °C). The fly ash sulfation was tested in full scale in a Swedish WtE plant by applying the economic sulfur recirculation method. Probes of several alloys (16Mo3, Inconel 625, Sanicro 28) were exposed for 1000 h at controlled material temperatures in the superheater position, at normal and during sulfating operation respectively. Analyses of the fly ash showed that the molar Cl/S was decreased to values well below 1 and the corresponding corrosion rates of the individual material samples were less than half when sulfur recirculation was in operation. These positive findings demonstrate that the sulfur recirculation process has high potential for low-corrosive high-temperature steam generation (T ≈ 500 °C) and improved electricity production. Further steam superheating can be realized by staged superheating using small amounts of secondary fuel. 相似文献
149.
Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere: Stewardship of Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecosystem Services 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Erik Andersson Stephan Barthel Sara Borgström Johan Colding Thomas Elmqvist Carl Folke Åsa Gren 《Ambio》2014,43(4):445-453
Within-city green infrastructure can offer opportunities and new contexts for people to become stewards of ecosystem services. We analyze cities as social–ecological systems, synthesize the literature, and provide examples from more than 15 years of research in the Stockholm urban region, Sweden. The social–ecological approach spans from investigating ecosystem properties to the social frameworks and personal values that drive and shape human interactions with nature. Key findings demonstrate that urban ecosystem services are generated by social–ecological systems and that local stewards are critically important. However, land-use planning and management seldom account for their role in the generation of urban ecosystem services. While the small scale patchwork of land uses in cities stimulates intense interactions across borders much focus is still on individual patches. The results highlight the importance and complexity of stewardship of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services and of the planning and governance of urban green infrastructure. 相似文献
150.