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51.
Lara Bruna Rage Baldone de Andrade Paulo Sérgio Guimarães Junior Mario Dias Marali Vilela Alcântara Lizzy Ayra Pereira 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(8):2397-2408
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The current global proposal for withdrawing polymers with high resistance to degradation and from fossil sources from disposable appliances, as well as the... 相似文献
52.
Effect of the Prestige oil spill on salt marsh soils on the coast of Galicia (northwestern Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
At four estuarine sites on the coast of Galicia (northwestern Spain), all of which were affected by the Prestige oil spill, soil samples were taken from polluted and unpolluted areas and their petroleum hydrocarbon contents, heavy metal contents, and other chemical and physical characteristics were measured. Oil pollution altered both chemical and physical soil properties, aggregating soil particles in plaques, lowering porosity, and increasing resistance to penetration and hydrophobicity. The chromium, nickel, copper, iron, lead, and vanadium contents of polluted soils were between 2 and 2500 times higher than those of their unpolluted counterparts and the background concentrations in Galician coastal sediments. In the cases of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and V, their origin in the polluting oil was corroborated by the high correlation (r >/= 0.74) between the concentrations of these metals and the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the polluted soils. Soil redox potentials ranged from -19 to -114 mV in polluted soils and 112 to 164 mV in unpolluted soils, and were negatively correlated with TPH content (p < 0.01). The low values in the polluted soils explain why the soluble fractions of their total heavy metal contents were very small (generally less than 3%, and in many cases undetectable). 相似文献
53.
Feitosa de Souza Tancredo Augusto Rodriguez-Echeverria Susana Freitas Helena Alves de Andrade Leonaldo Santos Djail 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2018,49(6):500-506
Russian Journal of Ecology - Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflora are two of the most problematic invasive plant species in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest, but the mechanisms... 相似文献
54.
The objective of this study was to determine the size and composition of atmospheric aerosols in the downtown area of the
city of S?o Paulo, Brazil, for a polluted and an unpolluted period. Aerosols were sampled with a portable air sampler (PAS),
Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI), and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. At the study site, air quality is poor,
especially during the winter, high concentrations of pollutants being emitted primarily by the light- and heavy-duty vehicle
fleet. We analyzed mass, black carbon (BC), Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sn, Zr, and Pb.
During the polluted period, diurnal PM10 was higher than nocturnal PM10, whereas the inverse was true during the unpolluted period. The FPM was rich in BC, S, and Pb, whereas CPM was rich in Al,
Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe. Mass balance was performed by category: ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, crustal material, BC, and other.
The PAS-determined FPM was mainly BC. The MOUDI-determined FPM crustal material explained more mass than did ammonium sulfate
and BC during the polluted period, whereas ammonium sulfate had the largest mass during the unpolluted period. Crustal material
was the major CPM component, followed by ammonium sulfate and BC. During the unpolluted period, FPM concentrations were lower,
whereas those of ammonium sulfate were relatively higher, especially at night, and particle number was inversely proportional
to particle size. Aerosol growth was more intense during the polluted period. 相似文献
55.
Edison Barbieri Elisangela de Andrade Passos Alexandre Filippini Izaias Souza dos Santos Carlos Alexandre Borges Garcia 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,169(1-4):631-638
Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb were measured in feather samples of adult, subadult, and juvenile of Larus dominicanus, sampled in the Florianólis, SC, in the south of Brazil in December 2005, by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The average of the distribution of Cd concentration in adult feathers (0.072 μg g???1) was significantly different than that found in juvenile feathers (0.021 μg g???1). Cu concentration averages were not significantly different between adults (13.30 μg g???1), subadults (9.67 μg g???1), and juveniles (13.76 μg g???1). For adults and juveniles there was significant difference in feather concentrations for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The distribution of Mn concentration averages in feathers differs between adults (11.36 μg g???1) and juveniles (1.184 μg g???1). Ni concentration averages of adults (5.92 μg g???1) were significantly higher than those of juveniles (2.23 μg g???1). For Pb, concentration averages were significantly higher in adults (7.53 μg g???1) than in juveniles (1.47 μg g???1). The concentration of Co and Cr in juvenile and subadults are statistically different when compared with the adults. In the present study, levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb increased with age. The concentrations of essential trace elements in L. dominicanus were generally comparable to values reported in other studies. With non-essential metals (Cd, Pb, and Ni), in our study, L. dominicanus had lower values than those reported for their northern Atlantic counterparts. 相似文献
56.
Sánchez-Ccoyllo OR Ynoue RY Martins LD Astolfo R Miranda RM Freitas ED Borges AS Fornaro A Freitas H Moreira A Andrade MF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,149(1-4):241-249
In the metropolitan area of S?o Paulo, Brazil, ozone and particulate matter (PM) are the air pollutants that pose the greatest threat to air quality, since the PM and the ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) are the main source of air pollution from vehicular emissions. Vehicular emissions can be measured inside road tunnels, and those measurements can provide information about emission factors of in-use vehicles. Emission factors are used to estimate vehicular emissions and are described as the amount of species emitted per vehicle distance driven or per volume of fuel consumed. This study presents emission factor data for fine particles, coarse particles, inhalable particulate matter and black carbon, as well as size distribution data for inhalable particulate matter, as measured in March and May of 2004, respectively, in the Janio Quadros and Maria Maluf road tunnels, both located in S?o Paulo. The Janio Quadros tunnel carries mainly light-duty vehicles, whereas the Maria Maluf tunnel carries light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. In the Janio Quadros tunnel, the estimated light-duty vehicle emission factors for the trace elements copper and bromine were 261 and 220 microg km(-1), respectively, and 16, 197, 127 and 92 mg km(-1), respectively, for black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles. The mean contribution of heavy-duty vehicles to the emissions of black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles was, respectively 29, 4, 6 and 6 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The inhalable particulate matter emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 1.2 times higher than that found during dynamometer testing. In general, the particle emissions in S?o Paulo tunnels are higher than those found in other cities of the world. 相似文献
57.
Lília Maria de Oliveira Philippe Maillard Éber José de Andrade Pinto 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2016,188(6):333
Non-point source water pollution is a major problem in most parts of the world, but is also very difficult to quantify and control since it is not easily separated from point sources and can theoretically originate from the whole watershed. In this article, we evaluate the relationship between land use and land cover and four water pollution parameters in a watershed in Southeast Brazil. The four parameters are nitrate, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous, and dissolved oxygen. To help concentrate on non-point source pollution, only data from the wet seasons of the time period (2001–2013) were analysed, based on the fact that precipitation causes runoff which is the main cause of diffuse pollution. The parameters measured were transformed into loads, which were in turn associated with an exclusive contribution area, so that every measuring station could be considered independent. Analyses were also performed on riparian zones of different widths to verify if the effect of the land cover on the water quality of the stream decreases with the increased distance. Pearson correlation coefficients indicate that urban areas and agriculture/pasture tend to worsen water quality (source). Conversely, forest and riparian areas have a reducing effect on pollution (sink). The best results were obtained for total ammonia nitrogen and dissolved oxygen using the whole exclusive contribution areas with determination coefficients better than R2≈0.8. Nitrate and total phosphorous did not produce valid models. We suspect that the transformation delay from total ammonia nitrogen to nitrate might be an important factor for the poor result for this parameter. For phosphorous, we think that the phosphorous sink in the bottom sediment might be the most limiting factor explaining the failure of our models. 相似文献
58.
Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro Amanda Figueiredo de Souza Ednildo Andrade Torres Jailson B. de Andrade 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(17):2754-2761
The impact of vehicular emissions on air depends, among other factors, on the composition of fuel and the technology used to build the engines. The reduction of vehicular emissions requires changes in the fuel composition, and improving the technologies used in the manufacturing of engines and for the after-treatment of gases. In general, improvements to diesel engines have targeted not only emission reductions, but also reductions in fuel consumption. However, changes in the fuel composition have been shown to be a more rapid and effective alternative to reduce pollution. Some factors should been taken into consideration when searching for an alternative fuel to be used in diesel engines, such as emissions, fuel stability, availability and its distribution, as well as its effects on the engine durability. In this work, 45 fuel blends were prepared and their stability was evaluated. The following mixtures (v/v/v) were stable for the 90-day period and were used in the emission study: diesel/ethanol – 90/10%, diesel/ethanol/soybean biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/castor biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/residual biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/soybean oil – 90/7/3%, and diesel/ethanol/castor oil – 90/7/3%. The diesel/ethanol fuel showed higher reduction of NOx emission at a lower load (2 kW) when compared with pure diesel. The other fuels showed a decrease of NOx emissions in the ranges of 6.9–75% and 4–85% at 1800 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively. The combustion efficiencies of the diesel can be enhanced by the addition of the oxygenate fuels, like ethanol and biodiesel/vegetable oil, resulting in a more complete combustion in terms of NOx emission. In the case of CO2 the decreases were in the ranges of 5–24% and 4–6% at 1800 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively. Meanwhile, no differences were observed in CO emission. The carbonyl compounds (CC) studied were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, butanone, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-toluenaldehyde, m-toluenaldehyde, p-toluenaldehyde, hexaldehyde, octaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, and decaldehyde. Among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde showed the highest emission concentrations. When ternary blend contains vegetable oil, there is a strong tendency to increase the emissions of the high weight CC and decrease the emissions of the low weight CC. The highest concentration of acrolein was observed when the fuel contains diesel, ethanol and biodiesel. With the exception of NOx, the use of ternary blended fuels resulted on the increase in the emission rates of the studied compounds. 相似文献
59.
A study on the incorporation of coal bottom ash from thermoelectric power stations as a substitute material for natural sand in the production of concrete is here presented. The normally coarse, fused, glassy texture of bottom ash makes it an ideal substitute for natural aggregates. The use of bottom ash in concrete presents several technical challenges: the physical and mineralogical characteristics of the bottom ash; the effect on water demand and the participation on cements hydratation. In the production of the concrete, substitutions in volume were used. Two different ways to employ bottom ash were used to make up the mix proportions: one considering the natural humidity present in the porous particles and the other not considering it, seeking to maintain the same strength. These considerations are fundamental given that the process of bottom ash extraction is carried out through moisture. Mechanical tests by compressive strength were performed and the elastic modulus was determined. An analysis of the influence of bottom ash in the formation of pores was carried out through tests for the water loss by air drying and water uptake by capillary absorption. The results show that the higher the bottom ash contents in the concrete, the worse the performance regarding moisture transport. However, for one bottom ash concrete type, the mechanical properties were maintained. 相似文献
60.
Optimizing the molarity of a EDTA washing solution for saturated-soil remediation of trace metal contaminated soils 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Andrade MD Prasher SO Hendershot WH 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(3):781-790
Three experiments were conducted to optimize the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for reclaiming urban soils contaminated with trace metals. As compared to Na(2)EDTA, (NH(4))(2)EDTA extracted 60% more Zn and equivalent amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb from a sandy loam. When successively saturating and draining loamy sand columns during a washing cycle, which submerged it once with a (NH(4))(2)EDTA wash and four times with deionised water, the post-wash rinses largely contributed to the total cumulative extraction of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Both the washing solution and the deionised water rinses were added in a 2:5 liquid to soil (L:S) weight ratio. For equal amounts of EDTA, concentrating the washing solution and applying it and the ensuing rinses in a smaller 1:5 L:S weight ratio, instead of a 2:5 L:S weight ratio, increased the extraction of targeted Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. 相似文献