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11.
Photocrosslinking of an Acrylated Epoxidized Linseed Oil: Kinetics and its Application for Optimized Wood Coatings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Günter Wuzella Arunjunai Raj Mahendran Uwe Müller Andreas Kandelbauer Alfred Teischinger 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(4):1063-1074
Over the past few decades, the industry developed an increasing interest in using renewable, bio-based thermosetting polymers as matrix systems for composites and coating systems. In the present paper an acrylated epoxidized linseed oil (AELO) was synthesized from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) through ring opening of the oxirane group using acrylic acid as the ring opening agent. The synthesized AELO was mixed with three different photoinitiators and cured under monochromatic conditions (???=?365?nm) at different light intensities and at different temperatures. The concentration of the initiators was aligned that all initiators absorb at 365?nm the same amount of light. The evolution of cure was monitored by using real-time infrared spectroscopy with a heated attenuated total reflection unit. The decrease of absorption in the measured spectra at 1,406?cm?1 was used to calculate the conversion of acrylic double bonds with increasing time of UV light exposure to get information about the cure kinetics for each AELO mixture at different light intensities and different temperatures. Wood substrates were coated in a preliminary work with the AELO mixtures and after UV-curing some technological coating properties like gloss, scratch resistance, adhesion, and solvent resistance were tested. In combination with the information about the cure kinetics in the present work the coating properties were correlated with the cure evolution and the final degree of double bond conversion. The found correlation can be used in the future to find optimized coating conditions for the AELO mixtures on wood substrates. 相似文献
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Patrik Kraufvelin Ann Lindholm Morten Foldager Pedersen Lars Andreas Kirkerud Erik Bonsdorff 《Marine Biology》2010,157(1):29-47
The littoral zone of temperate rocky shores is normally dominated by perennial macroalgae (e.g. Fucus, Ascophyllum, Laminaria), but nutrient enrichment and/or permanently decreased wave action may lead to structural community changes from dominance
of perennials to increased amounts of annual opportunistic species (mainly green algae). Macroalgal biomass, diversity and
production as well as relationships between the two latter were studied using Solbergstrand’s rocky shore mesocosms in SE
Norway in connection with a long-term experimental manipulation of nutrient addition and wave action (high and low levels
of both factors applied in a crossed way to eight outdoor basins). After more than 2 years of experimental treatment, the
total standing stock of macroalgae was larger in low nutrient than in high nutrient treatments as well as in high wave compared
to low wave treatments (in autumn only). For macroalgal functional groups, bushy and filamentous brown and filamentous red
algae were generally favoured by low nutrient concentrations, while annual filamentous and sheet-like green algae were stimulated
by the nutrient enrichment. There was only one significant interaction between nutrient enrichment and wave action (for brown
filamentous algae in autumn) and also only one significant main effect of the wave treatment (for bushy brown algae in autumn).
Surprisingly, the high nutrient treatments supported a higher diversity of macroalgae, whereas the low nutrient treatments
generally showed higher production rates. Moreover, significantly negative correlations were found between macroalgal diversity
and primary productivity in both summer and autumn. This study shows that it is the biological components of the communities
subjected to external forcing (nutrient addition or decreased wave action) that regulate production and this contradicts the
common misperception that resource production in natural systems simply can be fast-forwarded by fertilization. The negative
relationships between diversity and productivity, although a consequence of unexpected results for diversity and production,
are also novel and hint towards species identities having more important functional consequences than general species dominance
patterns and the amount of species per se. These results also emphasise the context dependency of findings within the field
of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
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In this study, dry season radon flux densities and radon fluxes have been determined at the rehabilitated Nabarlek uranium mine in northern Australia using conventional charcoal canisters. Environmental background levels amounted to 31± 15 milli Becquerel per m2 per second (mBq m−2 s−1). Radon flux densities within the fenced rehabilitated mine area showed large variations with a maximum of 6500 mBq m−2 s−1 at an area south of the former pit characterised by a disequilibrium between 226Ra and 238U. Radon flux densities were also high above the areas of the former pit (mean 971 mBq m−2 s−1) and waste rock dump (mean 335 mBq m−2 s−1). The lower limit for the total pre-mining radon flux from the fenced area (140 ha) was estimated to 214 kBq s−1, post-mining radon flux amounted to 174 kBq s−1.Our study highlights that the results of radon flux studies are vitally dependant on the selection of individual survey points. We suggest the use of a randomised system for both the selection of survey points and the placement of charcoal canisters at each survey point, to avoid over estimation of radon flux densities. It is also important to emphasize the significance of having reliable pre-mining radiological data available to assess the success of rehabilitation of a uranium mine site.2006 Springer. The Australian Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
17.
A full scale field study has been carried out in order to test and evaluate the use of slags from high-alloy steel production as the construction materials for a final cover of an old municipal landfill. Five test areas were built using different slag mixtures within the barrier layer (liner). The cover consisted of a foundation layer, a liner with a thickness of 0.7 m, a drainage layer of 0.3 m, a protection layer of 1.5 m and a vegetation layer of 0.25 m. The infiltration varied depending on the cover design used, mainly the liner recipe but also over time and was related to seasons and precipitation intensity. The test areas with liners composed of 50% electric arc furnace (EAF) slag and 50% cementitious ladle slag (LS) on a weight basis and with a proper consistence of the protection layer were found to meet the Swedish infiltration criteria of ?50 l (m2 a)?1 for final covers for landfills for non-hazardous waste: the cumulative infiltration rates to date were 44, 19 and 0.4 l (m2 a)?1 for A1, A4 and A5, respectively. Compared to the precipitation, the portion of leachate was always lower after the summer despite high precipitation from June to August. The main reason for this is evapotranspiration but also the fact that the time delay in the leachate formation following a precipitation event has a stronger effect during the shorter summer sampling periods than the long winter periods. Conventional techniques and equipment can be used but close cooperation between all involved partners is crucial in order to achieve the required performance of the cover. This includes planning, method and equipment testing and quality assurance. 相似文献
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Tilman Floehr Hongxia Xiao Björn Scholz-Starke Lingling Wu Junli Hou Daqiang Yin Xiaowei Zhang Rong Ji Xingzhong Yuan Richard Ottermanns Martina Roß-Nickoll Andreas Schäffer Henner Hollert 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):6934-6971
The Yangtze River has been a source of life and prosperity for the Chinese people for centuries and is a habitat for a remarkable variety of aquatic species. But the river suffers from huge amounts of urban sewage, agricultural effluents, and industrial wastewater as well as ship navigation wastes along its course. With respect to the vast amounts of water and sediments discharged by the Yangtze River, it is reasonable to ask whether the pollution problem may be solved by simple dilution. This article reviews the past two decades of published research on organic pollutants in the Yangtze River and several adjacent water bodies connected to the main stream, according to a holistic approach. Organic pollutant levels and potential effects of water and sediments on wildlife and humans, measured in vitro, in vivo, and in situ, were critically reviewed. The contamination with organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and others, of water and sediment along the river was described. Especially Wuhan section and the Yangtze Estuary exhibited stronger pollution than other sections. Bioassays, displaying predominantly the endpoints mutagenicity and endocrine disruption, applied at sediments, drinking water, and surface water indicated a potential health risk in several areas. Aquatic organisms exhibited detectable concentrations of toxic compounds like PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, and PFCs. Genotoxic effects could also be assessed in situ in fish. To summarize, it can be stated that dilution reduces the ecotoxicological risk in the Yangtze River, but does not eliminate it. Keeping in mind an approximately 14 times greater water discharge compared to the major European river Rhine, the absolute pollution mass transfer of the Yangtze River is of severe concern for the environmental quality of its estuary and the East China Sea. Based on the review, further research needs have been identified. 相似文献
20.
Mario Mitov Georgi Hristov Elitsa Hristova Rashko Rashkov Marina Arnaudova Andreas Zielonka 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(2):167-173
The complex performance of newly synthesized CoNiMnB electrodeposits in base-stabilized sodium borohydride solutions was examined.
The rate of hydrogen generation due to borohydride hydrolysis was determined at different temperatures. Activation energy
of approximately 33 kJ/mol was estimated, which is lower than the values reported for other catalysts. At electrochemical
conditions, there is a competition between borohydride hydrolysis and electrooxidation reactions. The electrooxidation of
borohydride takes place with low overpotentials at relatively high current densities. The long-term discharge at galvanostatic
conditions as well as possibilities for partial storage of generated hydrogen indicates potentials for application of studied
electrodeposits as anode material in direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFC). 相似文献